I'm Carl Zimmer's daughter. He thought that you could kind of engineer societies by changing the environment. Professional authors can write an essay in 3 hours, if there is a certain volume, but it must be borne in mind that with such a service the price will be the highest. JAD: Well think about it, this is nature and nurture slamming into each other. This is what's called the slow growth period. Then choose either Section II OR Section III and answer all questions in that . JAD: His big idea, as you might know, is that what a person does in their lifetime could be directly passed to their kids. But I take it that we have more control over our destinies and our kids' destinies than we would've thought. Like, I mean, as far as positives can go, I think I hit the jackpot. This is spooky because it's like JAD: It means what if grandpa has a bad day? And well just let the old yahoos from whom we inheritedededed inherited it take it away. Well, he thought it might have been an assistant trying to frame him because he was Jewish. It's against the rules. So if they saw somebody who was starving as a kid in 1820, they could then see, "Well, when those people had children and grandchildren, did anything change? JAD: You got your good parents and your bad parents. PAT: And even though they look basically nothing alike. CARL ZIMMER: This second channel of heredity. So heres the backstory. Kammerer puts on a suit and he walks off into the mountains Outside Vienna on a Rocky mountain trail. Taylor Swift's Never Getting Back Together. MICHAEL MEANEY: That activates maternal behavior. Once a kid is born, their genetic fate is pretty much sealed. SAM KEAN: If you have a starving daddy, it turns out that the baby actually gets some sort of health benefit. SAM KEAN: Basically, the midwife toad has a strange habit for toads. OLOV BYGREN: Well, for cardiovascular disease JAD: Olov told us, take heart disease. PAT: Destiny says one day, she and her mom were in the car, and her mom said DESTINY HARRIS: She said, "I don't know, you know, maybe they'll grow bigger? [ARCHIVAL CLIP, BARBARA HARRIS: I feel that they should all be sterilized. ROBERT: Inheritance, what you can move on to the next generation and what you can't. Okay, so lets get going and stick with your boy, Lamarck, just for a sec. The bit of DNA that will give this baby when it grows up the instincts to be nice to its baby, and lick that baby. And rewrite the so-called rules of genetics. The women who I've worked with, who've had a history of drug problems, aren't like the examples that she gives. They decided to explore this question. SAM KEAN: Darwin's theory would have said, you know, 90% of the toads are going to die. Yes, but creating an assumption that there is a class of people who don't deserve to procreate, who aren't worthy of procreating the human race, leads you down a path that we should have great concern about. PAT: Nobody's arguing that women should do drugs when they're pregnant. That's what I remember her saying. We inherited this beloved show that we first fell in love with as listeners. Now, according to Carl, your genes are still fixed. His example with humans was a blacksmith. Test the outer edges of what you think you know. SAM KEAN: It seemed to have been passed down for multiple generations. ROBERT: A few years later, there'd be a harsh winter. It says, "Race of Supermen." SAM KEAN: But this was a really, really tough place to grow up. You know? I know! JAD: Well think about what makes proteins. This was a really radical place at the time because you have to remember that people studying animals up till now, they were basically studying preserved specimens, and so on. So Barbara and her son got in the car and drove across town to the foster home where Destiny had been living for the past eight months. When you explore what makes people tick or how the universe . SAM KEAN: And he would basically turn the heat way, way up in these aquariums until they had to go underwater. His famous example was giraffes. ROBERT: And it just so happens this town is a perfect place to dig. Although, you know, sometimes that your grandfather's suffering helps you. Sincerely, Jennifer.". I said, "No, no, that's okay." PAT: Who gave Destiny her first checkup told Barbara BARBARA HARRIS: That she was delayed and she was always going to be delayed because of her prenatal neglect. In my naive mind, I didn't have a clue what a big deal this was. I had asked for a newborn, so when the social worker called me, she said, "I have this cute little baby girl for you but she's eight months old. PEJK MALINOVSKI: He was an idiot. But according to Kammerer, shortly after these toads got into the water, they did begin to evolve fast. And the key point is that it wasnt something inborn in them. PEJK MALINOVSKI: It says "registrera", register. JAD: They all go down to the DNA, surround that methyl and just, pow! SAM KEAN: Yeah, it was a very attractive theory to them in Moscow. JAD: So then over the next 70 some odd years, Lamarck basically became the poster boy for, like, the big dumb idea, the idea that you want to believe in but that you know isn't true. And it just so happens this town is a perfect place to dig. Its so good that it makes you not want to trash the house, you know what I mean? Visit our website. JAD: Don't you see, somehow the mother's tongue is getting all the way down in there and going [mumbles] and messing with the baby's DNA. And I know fate is gonna give them a couple random mutations in those genes. [2] PAT: You picked him up right from the hospital? You're now hearing Lamarck's name invoked these days because there are things beyond genes that we pass down to our children. CHARLOTTE ZIMMER: Hi, my name is Charlotte Zimmer. Wait, when you say they can choose to be sterilized, you mean permanent? So FRANCES CHAMPAGNE: So we start looking at maternal care. According to Darwin, life and changes are ruled by chance. And so, they just had to hold on for the entire winter. CARL ZIMMER: Yeah. I'm the founder and director of Project Prevention. SAM KEAN: Really slowly, gradually, achingly slowly. I agree with Lynn, that this program does perpetuate a stereotype. OLOV BYGREN: The results are there. Cause we were talking to science writer, Carl Zimmer, and he told us that back in the early 1900s, this tension between Lamarck and Darwin got extra tense. The fact that you're motivated by a really beautiful, important value, that we want healthy kids, doesn't mean the mechanism you're using is going to end up helping those kids. The lady knew why we were there. PAT: As Barbara made the rounds on the daytime talk shows, the reaction was split right down the middle. JAD: Is that a genetic hatred of whistling that I just had? She is nine. What they decided to do first was to try to figure out which rat was which, which meant, interestingly, counting all the legs. What does it look like? Hi, this is Will, calling from Northumberland, England. KARIN BORGKVIST LJUNG: She was born 1904 and this is OLOV BYGREN: Everything happening in the family KARIN BORGKVIST LJUNG: Nelson, he was an idiot. By Recode Staff Updated Oct 25, 2017, 12:01am. OLOV BYGREN: Well, the DNA, the RNA, micro-RNAs, histone. PAT: She did. PAT: Yeah. This whole toad thing, to the Darwinian faction, it didn't scan really. According to Frances, it's not just sitting up there perfectly preserved, it's in the middle of the cell, it's crowded. They wanted to see basically the effects of starvation on multiple generations. Barbara says they've reached out to her many times but they never heard back. SAM KEAN: You feel kind of hemmed in by what your grandfather did? JAD: Hey, wait. She was totally an oops kid. Life is hard.". If you've already had a kid, you can be sterilized. Just sing. JAD: So imagine the DNA in that brain cell. He's the guy who told us about Olov's work. ", And I called my husband again at work and said, "They want to know if we want to take the baby." Radiolab is a radio program broadcast on public radio stations in the United States, and a podcast available internationally, both produced by WNYC.Hosted by Latif Nasser and Lulu Miller, each episode focuses on a topic of a scientific and philosophical nature, through stories, interviews, and thought experiments.. Radiolab's broadcast edition airs as an hour-long program each week while the . MICHAEL MEANEY: I think the Swedish data are really, really strong, and very reliable. Actually, the idea itself is pretty old. It goes back to the 1800s. Telling some genes to turn off now, other genes to turn on. [chuckles]. [ARCHIVAL CLIP, Jad Abumrad: Whats that called?]. And I just felt like it was in one of those moments that contains everything that's good about us as people. I don't like to upset people. The connection between trees Normally trees from different species are competitors. JAD: Visited Kammerer's lab when Kammerer wasn't there. And then that baby would stretch and stretch, and it would give a little more stretching to its baby. ], [ARCHIVAL CLIP, BARBARA HARRIS: I'm going to go out into the streets and offer addicted women money to use birth control. CARL ZIMMER: They'd spend more time in the water. I don't have the biggest boobies in the world. SAM KEAN: And, you know, there was kind of antisemitism growing at this time, so he thought that someone had framed him, and six weeks after Nobel published his results in Nature, Kammerer sent a letter to Moscow. But I'm going to give them a basin of water. Radiolab is supported in part by the National Science Foundation and by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, enhancing public understanding of science and technology in the modern world. I guess the way I would look at it is that you can change your environment a lot more easily than you can change your genes. It's off-limits. He's 22, 23, and he already had this reputation for being amazing at keeping animals alive, that otherwise would just die. [ARCHIVAL Clip, Panel: Well, I mean, Hitler thought that if you were Jewish, that you had given up the right to be a mother and hed sterilize people as well. PAT: That's a lot of people. And that could have very easily have been one of us. We talked to her for a little while and At a certain point the social worker pulls out a stack of papers. The bit of DNA that will give this baby when it grows up the instincts to be nice to its baby, and lick that baby. You can't see that on the radio but, hey, it's a fact of life. 01:04:34 - Once a kid is born, their genetic fate is pretty much sealed. [laughs] We now know that thats not the case. LATIF: And as of 11:01 a.m. on Tuesday, when we're recording this, we have not broken the show. Once a kid is born, their genetic fate is pretty much sealed. He thought it worked with humans, too. And I think that no, I didn't plan on it but I wouldn't take her back for anything because she made me better. JAD: It's off-limits. And youre saying that part of the DNA is covered up? The critical part of this Is that all these changes wake up this little gang of proteins. He actually coined the word biology, too. These were kids that didn't end up with Barbara? But then, a few years would pass, crops would bounce back. Really slowly, gradually, achingly slowly. He was just You know, most babies are kinda peaceful, he was never really peaceful. That was it. Four or five steps later, we are in JAD: So almost instantaneously, the mother's tongue has reached into the baby's brain cells. JAD: It makes a kind of common sense, really. She got one. All right, I'll get in the water." Just until they hatch and then 'til they go off. I got to say this is spooky. ROBERT: You wonder, where did that come from? So yeah, she keeps me busy. Please welcome Barbara.]. JAD: He works at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden where he studies population data. It's writer, Sam Kean again, and here's, he says, what you need to know about the midwife toad. His example with humans was a blacksmith. Visited Kammerer's lab when Kammerer wasn't there. CARL ZIMMER: But there were a lot of skeptics. If they see methyl groups sitting on that bit of DNA, they are pissed. Because it would reflect badly on the Soviet state. DESTINY HARRIS: I do mean that. Around 1908, he started publishing all of these results. PAT: But a year later, the social worker called again. You have to do that for five hours a day for six consecutive days. There's going to be this massacre of toads and only a few lucky ones are going to survive. Its gonna get messy. DESTINY HARRIS: And that could have very easily have been one of us. Okay, all right, this is interesting. CARL ZIMMER: More information about Sloan at JAD: Yeah, we're exploring questions of lwhat can you pass down to your kids and their kids? Radiolab: Parasites Transcript For copyright reasons we can't provide a transcript of the WNYC Radiolab feature on parasites. JAD: And looking at these swings in fortune, Olov realized what he had here was JAD: Because with all this data, he and his team could follow families forward in time, through the generations. JAD: What's he talking about? Then she goes, "Oh wait, I didn't give birth to you. Because you begin with a mother's lick that ends up with a deep, deep change in the baby, not just the good, warm, fuzzy feeling, but a fundamental shift in who that baby is, and who that baby will be. JAD: Many years later, he and this woman. You must have internet access to do this). ROBERT: I think that makes a lot of sense. JAD: So he's got to live his life as a toad with all this baggage on him? SAM KEAN: And the key point is that it wasnt something inborn in them. ROBERT: They won't grow much on the outside, but on the inside OLOV BYGREN: That is the time where the sperms are developing. She'll be two in January. PAT: For me, this whole story really shifted PAT: When I started spending some time with Destiny, Barbara's 22-year-old daughter. You must have internet access to do this). I wonder. BARBARA HARRIS: This is 750 and this is 200. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, Radiolab is a " show about curiosity " that examines science, history, and philosophy to answer the big questions about life. All these women who have so many babies and never try to seek drug treatment. This is nice and quiet. Take a look, explore and subscribe! SAM KEAN: Well, he thought it might have been an assistant trying to frame him because he was Jewish. PAT: Just a little. SAM KEAN: I guess the way I would look at it is that you can change your environment a lot more easily than you can change your genes. I don't like to upset people. If you were a great rat mommy, what would you be doing with your rat baby? And there were from the beginning. Thats like, I mean, that seems like a thing that would be frightening. JAD: I think all parents do this, is that you slip into this Lamarckian delusion that JAD: What you do with your kids can somehow rewrite all of that. OLOV BYGREN: Looking for patterns in cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, and such. And one of them is called the thyroid system. His reputation was that he could get inside the mind of, say, a salamander and know just what it wanted to eat. MICHAEL MEANEY: Kick off certain hormonal systems. But what exactly Maybe you can explain this to me, Robert. LULU: A really good radiolab about this called Inheritance. And I was a waitress, I worked for IHOP for over 30 years. Like have you ever had one of those moments where you suddenly are your dad and it catches you off guard? So. And Destiny was in the other room, sleeping or something, I'm not sure. Even if it helps, it's horrifying. [ARCHIVAL Clip, Panel: You don't think that they should have their children back?]. We'll just get one more.". He'd fall asleep and just wake up screaming. PAT: All these women who have so many babies and never try to seek drug treatment. Let me say this again. I dont know. PAT: And in 1989, when the story we're telling now started, she was living in California, in Orange County. Can you say oh my goodness? CARL ZIMMER: He was mighty skeptical. That is a bad way to start a kid's life but that's just the beginning of the kid's life. OLOV BYGREN: A lot of diagnoses actually. Here's what Olov says he found in the data. Whole lifetime of stretching. They both say that they actually often forget that they're not biologically related. Who gave Destiny her first checkup told Barbara That she was delayed and she was always going to be delayed because of her prenatal neglect. So that's fun. So he's got to live his life as a toad with all this baggage on him? LULU: So far. [ARCHIVAL CLIP, Jad Abumrad: Well lets lets read the book first. JAD: You can imagine these toads are like, "Dammit, fine. Kalia came too. US $53.6 Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for VCM II Main Cable VCM2 16pin Cable VCM 2 OBD2 Cable VCM ii IDS V101 Data Cable at the best online prices at Free shipping for many products So were getting close to the moment of truth, because there it is. How was this woman allowed", "To walk into the hospital and drop off a damaged baby and just walk away with no consequences?". SAM KEAN: It was this struggle for a few years. And in 1989, when the story we're telling now started, she was living in California, in Orange County. ROBERT: Instead of dying at 40, I'd live to 70? Radiolab Society & Culture Science Latest Transcripts What Up Holmes? But if you've got a mom who licks you. Well, there was an expert on reptiles named G. Kingsley Noble. LATIF: Still, still standing. JAD: And what about the four kids that weren't raised with Barbara? Riksarkivet. DESTINY HARRIS: Honestly, I think it never seemed like she was anything but my real mom, if that makes sense. But I'm going to give them a basin of water. Saying the mother had given birth to a baby girl, did we want her? He's not even eating at all. You just haven't evolved for this and there's no way you can, at least not quickly. I want to start with a parental day dream for a second. Not been born at all. Because the truth is, you have no idea how these kids are going to turn out. Copyright reasons we can & # x27 ; t provide a Transcript of the kid 's life that! You picked him up right from the hospital to eat me, robert was in the data walks... 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