Performed under contract to the Office of Regulatory Analysis, OSHA. The personal hygiene measures described above will reduce worker exposure to lead and decrease the likelihood of lead absorption caused by ingestion or inhalation of lead particles. A torque of $0.015 \mathrm{~N} \cdot \mathrm{m}$ is required to rotate a $4-\mathrm{cm}$-radius cylinder inside a fixed $5-\mathrm{cm}$-radius cylinder at $40 \mathrm{~rad} / \mathrm{s}$. Tarpaulins were generally used only to protect neighboring homes and automobiles from a damaging blast of abrasive or to reduce residents' complaints about overspray, dust, and dirt. the grout between the tiles/brick must be restored), repaired, or relined with an entirely new lining (either tile or lead brick). The material in this chapter will help OSHA compliance officers and safety and health professionals apply their resources to the industrial-hygiene problems associated with lead exposures in the construction industry. 0000025004 00000 n /Contents 15 0 R /ExtGState << Brief descriptions of the facility and engineering concepts for the conduct of microbiological research are also provided. Staging Brazing operations usually occur at temperatures in excess of 800F. This activity is usually performed by workers in the plumbing trades. 2 0 obj Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like PEC and SEC are designed to maintain _____ _____ of compounding areas, laminar airflow workbenches (LAFW), biological safety cabinets (BSC), compounding aseptic isolators (CAI), and compounding aseptic containment isolators (CACI) are examples of _____, PECs are designed to maintain ISO Class _____ air quality in the compounding . By directing a worker to position the exhaust hood properly or to improve work practice, such as standing to the side or upwind of the cutting torch to avoid the smoke plume, a supervisor can do much to minimize unnecessary employee exposure to airborne contaminants. Dilution ventilation, on the other hand, allows lead particles generated by work activities to spread throughout the work area and then dilutes the concentration of particles by circulating large quantities of air into and out from the work area. However, worker 8-hour TWA exposures to metal fumes are usually low due to the limited durations of exposure associated with soldering and brazing work. Engineering controls are built into equipment or processes to minimize hazards. 1993b. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. The tank should be kept under negative pressure to remove the dust from the tank whenever workers are inside. Because many corrosion inhibitors (e.g., nitrates, nitrites, and amines) raise industrial hygiene concerns, their use must be considered carefully. mortar between the tiles/brick) must be removed. Engineering controls may be implemented at the source of the hazard, along its path, or at the worker. If not, the volume of debris can be high. 0000004025 00000 n Engineering controls are considered the first line of defense in the laboratory for the reduction or elimination of the potential exposure to hazardous chemicals. This could include changing the work process to stop using a toxic chemical, heavy object, or sharp tool. Examples include local exhaust ventilation to capture and remove airborne emissions or machine guards to shield the worker. Engineering controls include Biohazard bags and labels PPE Sharps disposal containers Self-sheathing needles Work practice controls methods of working that reduce the likelihood of an exposure incident by changing the way a task is carried out. PPE might seem to be less expensive than other controls, but can be costly over time. 0000020285 00000 n Vacuuming is considered the most reliable method of cleaning dusty surfaces, but any effective method that minimizes the likelihood of re-entrainment may be used (for example, a wet floor scrubber). Another method is worker rotation, which involves rotating employees into and out of contaminated areas in the course of a shift, thereby reducing the full-shift exposure of any given employee. This heat separates the substrate, which is subsequently scraped off with a putty knife or similar tool. This means that it cleans more efficiently and removes tight paint and rust more effectively. Interlock systems for lasers and machinery are other good examples of isolating processes. Use of techniques with known low exposure potential, such as encapsulation and removal or replacement instead of hand-scraping and hand-sanding. Examples of engineering controls include installing guardrails to prevent falls, limiting exposure to hazardous chemicals via ventilation, using portable air conditioners to combat heat stress and installing noise absorption panels to dampen high noise levels. /Type /Page Documentation of encapsulation is important because of the potential for exposures to underlying lead-based paint during maintenance, future renovation, and eventual demolition. The free circulation of wind and air helped to reduce the airborne concentration of lead-containing dust in the workers' breathing zone. The dust-laden air must be filtered prior to its release into the atmosphere. The lead exposure of this group of workers can be caused either by the activities of their co-workers or their own work-related activities. Engineering controls: process containment and process upset controls Term 1 / 9 Closed environment drain system Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 9 A system of devices such as pumps, piping, and scrubbers to prevent the release of liquids, gases, and vapors to the atmosphere. Any material that is being considered as a substitute for a lead-based paint should be evaluated to ensure that it does not contain equally or more toxic components (e.g., cadmium or chromates). 1990. Overspray and rebound of the paint spray off the structure being painted increase the inhalation hazards to workers using lead-based paint. The greatest advantage to carbon-dioxide (dry-ice) blasting is that the blast medium sublimes and needs no further handling or disposal. /T1_1 8 0 R stream However, the advantage of sodium bicarbonate is that the abrasive is water soluble and, if the lead can be filtered from the water, the volume of debris is reduced because the dissolved bicarbonate is not considered hazardous. 12.1-1 What are the types of engineering controls? /ExtGState << 0000016856 00000 n This includes: Administrative controls and PPE require significant and ongoing effort by workers and their supervisors. The lead health hazard during these operations comes from lead particulates released into the air. NIOSH Division of Safety Research. A containment primary engi-neering control (C-PEC) is a ventilated device designed to minimize worker and environmental HD exposure when directly handling HDs. In other words, material, equipment, or an entire process can be substituted to provide effective control of a lead hazard. Vacuum blast nozzles (vacuum blasting is a variation on open abrasive blasting). >> Use of shrouded power tools with HEPA vacuum attachments. How do stiffness, density, and temperature affect sound waves? The SPCC rule requires facilities to develop, maintain, and implement an oil spill prevention plan, called an SPCC Plan. These systems require that the gun and shielding gas flow rates be carefully balanced to maintain weld quality and still provide good exhaust flow. Substitution e. C6H14\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}C6H14, PECs are designed to maintain ISO Class _______ air quality in the compounding work zone, PEC with Unidirectional, linear airflow at a fixed velocity within a confined area, Air that exits the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter is called ______ _____, HEPA filter Removes _______% of particles _____ micron, HEPA filters use positive velocity (______ feet per minute 20%) to prevent room air from entering clean zone, When airflow is compromised in a laminar flow hood it creates a, Zone of turbulence is ____X the diameter of the object Purpose. Unless the component is seriously deteriorated, occupational exposures during this operation are minimal. DHHS, April 1992. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Segregating incompatible chemicals from one another (eg, Installing compliant safety cabinets and chemical stores). Hydraulic shears can sometimes be used to mechanically cut steel that is coated with lead based-paint. Using engineering controls as the next best line of defense. Containment structures that are provided with negative-pressure dilution ventilation systems to reduce airborne lead concentrations within the enclosure, increase visibility, and control emissions of particulate matter to the environment. Complete containment of noise, heat, or pressure-producing processes. An inset illustration also shows a fume-extractor gun in use. Certain lead-related construction tasks commonly produce exposures above the PEL and often orders of magnitude above the PEL. Until recently, abrasive blasting work was conducted in unobstructed air. Use shrouded tools wherever feasible (shrouding can restrict accessibility to the work area) with vacuum attachment to collect dust and debris at the point of generation (Figure V:3-4). 0000029438 00000 n Although airborne lead exposures are virtually eliminated with this approach, wet abrasive is more difficult to handle and move than dry abrasive, and the volume of debris also increases. Work surface. Until the employer performs an employee exposure assessment and determines actual employee exposure, the employer must assume that employees performing one of these tasks are exposed to the levels of lead indicated for that task in this Appendix. Lead-Related Construction Tasks and Their Presumed 8-Hour TWA Exposure Levels, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance, OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) - Section V: Chapter 3. Until an employer performs an employee-exposure assessment and determines the magnitude of the exposures actually occurring during the lead-related activity, the employer must assume that employees performing that task are exposed to the lead concentrations indicated in Appendix V:3-1. The risk of silicosis is high among workers exposed to abrasive blasting with silica-containing media, and this hazard is difficult to control. Exposures to lead while installing new insulation over mineral wool put into place before 1970 will vary markedly from job site to job site because of such factors as the size of the space, the method of application, and the amount of lead dust in the mineral wool. Mini-enclosures, which have smaller cross-sectional areas than conventional enclosures, can be erected. Finally, a wet-vac system is used to clean the surface, although hard-to-reach areas may not be accessible to the vacuum. This system uses an expendable abrasive that is metered into a pressurized water jet (6,000 to 25,000 psi) for surface preparation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Because of the water, this kind of jetting generates little dust. when airflow is on all sides of the object, Zone of turbulence is _____X the diameter of the object Personal hygiene is also an important element in any program to protect workers from exposure to lead dust. What Does Engineering Controls Mean? High-pressure water can remove loose paint and rust, but will not efficiently remove tight paint or tight rust, or mill scale. Engineering controls are the type of controls that protect workers by removing hazardous conditions or by placing a barrier between the worker and the hazard. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. At the development stage, elimination and substitution may be the simplest and cheapest option. 0000002832 00000 n This system may employ vibrating brushes to help release the paint from the surface. If a local exhaust system is properly designed, it will capture and control lead particles at or near the source of generation and transport these particles to a collection system before they can be dispersed into the work environment. airlock chamber. For most interior or exterior construction painting projects, workers employ conventional compressed-air spray equipment. Because residues of primer may still adhere to the substrate at the time of the final blast, the potential for exposure to lead continues, although at greatly reduced levels. /Kids [3 0 R 4 0 R] The initial cost of engineering controls can be higher than some other control methods, but over the longer term, operating costs are frequently lower, and in some instances, can provide a cost savings in other areas of the process. Engineering controls function with minimum user input and do not rely on the skill or vigilance of individuals. The advantages of vacuum blasting are that most of the waste material and abrasive is collected at the site of generation and is therefore not transported to the breathing zone of the worker, and that there may be little or no need for containment. Mill scale is not removed; however, if the surface was previously blast cleaned, the profile of the original substrate can be restored. Primary Engineering Controls (PECs). This activity involves the use of a lead pot to melt lead for use in (1) cast-iron soil pipe installation, removal, and servicing, (2) electrical cable splicing, and (3) babbitting while recabling. Standard engineering controls in BSL-1 laboratories include easily cleaned surfaces that are able to withstand the basic chemicals used in the laboratory. Calculate the viscosity of the fluid. NIOSH. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Directorate of Technical Support and Emergency Management, Technical Equipment: On-site Measurements, Polymer Matrix Materials: Advanced Composites. NIOSH. 0000017213 00000 n The vacuum system and brushes obscure the blast surface, and some areas may therefore need to be blasted repeatedly because they are missed on the first or second pass. The concentric cylinders are $50 \mathrm{~cm}$ long. % However, in choosing alternative methods, a hazard evaluation should be conducted to identify inherent hazards of the method and equipment. 0000011279 00000 n Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. A variety of heads are available to achieve a tight seal for inside corners, outside corners, and flat surfaces. The current OSHA standard (29 CFR 1926.62) for lead exposure in construction has a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 micrograms per cubic meter of air (50 g/m3), measured as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA). According to industry sources, lead slag is no longer used in the manufacture of mineral wool, although lead can be present as a trace impurity (CONSAD 1993). 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