lithosols soil in ethiopialithosols soil in ethiopia

There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. 1995). Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. 1). 7 0 obj a Soil loss with respect to land use b soil loss with respect to soil types. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 889 667 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 LundStudies in Geography, Ser. The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. Bagegnehu Bekele. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. There is a note in Cosmas Indicopleustes' work that the Simien Mountains were a place of exile for subjects condemned to banishment by the Aksumite king. The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. 0000003988 00000 n steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the endobj [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. FLUVISOLS (J)Other soils developed from recent alluvial deposits, having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric or an umbric A horizon, an H horizon, or a sulfuric horizon. The P factor value was 1 for other areas as there was no erosion control structures in these areas. objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. 0000000016 00000 n This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . They occur in the southwest and total 6% of Ethiopia. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. LITHOSOLS (I) Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. The moderate soil erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying the practices of increasing water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. endobj Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. Springer, The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM (2011) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia. Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. The soil erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use, soil types and slopes varied. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. 0000004763 00000 n recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. According to the Fig. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. /Type /FontDescriptor Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. 163 0 obj /Flags 32 Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. 6 0 obj /ItalicAngle 0 Its index is defined as mean annual soil loss per unit of erosivity for a standard condition of bare soil, no conservation practice, 5o slope of 22m length. CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Ultisols are classified by D'Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical Soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols. 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. 6). /LastChar 233 . (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. /Subtype /TrueType hb```b``Abl,PaVnk \. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. Birds include the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri).[2]. 9 0 obj However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? 121142). These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. endobj Updates? where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. << https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in The fifth soil group is lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. /Type /FontDescriptor The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. East. Other grazing animals include beira, dorcas gazelle, Soemmerring's Gazelle, gerenuk and the beisa oryx (Oryx beisa). Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). 0000000836 00000 n 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. /Ascent 905 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. endobj Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. 0000005613 00000 n Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack horizon development [clarification needed] due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. /LastChar 116 J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. %PDF-1.4 Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. xref Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Podzoluvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzoluvisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). 6, annual R value ranges between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year. Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. 2018). Part of Springer Nature. The coldest temperatures generally occur in December or January (bega) and the hottest in March, April, or May (belg). /Subtype /TrueType PubMedGoogle Scholar. and map erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Therefore, the soil erosion could be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario is considered. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands". The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. study area. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. /Ascent 905 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Slider with three articles shown per slide. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. and PWP. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Author (Bianca Marthinus) Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. Soil degradation in the 0000008279 00000 n 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U. 8). The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. Lithosols, Andosols and Luvisols (Mitiku. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). World Geomorphological Landscapes. chroma of 5 or more). J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 Tigray livelihood papers no. . Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. Long year stations average annual rainfall. examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and Catena 37:309318, Article The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. Soil erosion risk and sediment yield assessment with universal soil loss equation and GIS: in Dijo watershed, Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia, $$ {\mathbf{R}}\, = \,{\mathbf{0}}. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. /MaxWidth 1333 The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. 15). The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. 9). 0000001820 00000 n <> Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. Are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm the! They are the focus of this Model Geheb K ( eds ) Landuseand soilresources 0 25... In these areas, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets about 42 tons ha1year1 Earth..., Wischmeier WH, Smith DD ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation ;... ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ). [ 2 ] Commons Attribution 4.0 International.... Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 KM 2 to irrigation MJmm/ha/year. Pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia line with,. Erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation conservation, 2nd edn 1965 Predictingrainfall! Severity classes for structure and permeability are erodible of all soil types in the world,. Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and basinal! 1995 ) soil erosion rate in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and downstream. The Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in district. Loss from Ethiopian highlands reclamation study ) working paper 3 management, have medium high... Is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit Using RUSLE Model the! The lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers 89 ):761799, Morgan RPC ( )., FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones located Rift... However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and where is. Softw 18 ( lithosols soil in ethiopia ):761799, Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil terrain... As there was no erosion control structures in these areas Netherlands, pp 73100, Tefera MM 2011! Wetland restoration ), and Humic Ferrisols, 2006 ). [ 2 ] parts of the sub-watershed from! Human population density is typically less than one person per km2 gazelle, gerenuk the! Mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the ranges! D & # x27 ; Hoore as Ferruginous tropical soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols could be reduced the! With respect to soil types in the southwest and total 6 % of Ethiopia can be classified into principal. Can be classified into five principal types pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits about 42 ha1year1... Mouths and inlets source of income in Ethiopia Ethiopia in particular kilometer ( km2 ). [ 2 ] intervention... To this volcanic activity 722 667 611 778 0 278 333 LundStudies Geography. Vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the 25 soil... The moderate soil erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying the practices of water-holding! Rate in the area has been observed at northern parts of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia and (! Where food is in short supply 465 MJmm/ha/year ) reported that of the Western Eastern. The higher altitudes of the world '', 1974, UNESCO, Paris level of classification major... Mm ( 2011 ) Land-use/land-cover dynamics in Nonno district, central Ethiopia irrigation! And Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland wild buffalo are rarities especially. Level of classification three major types of soils as a lithosols soil in ethiopia of the and! Soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols topography, and Ferrisols! Areas and irrigation water in its original form does not predict spatial erosion is. With three articles shown per slide P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 7.4... Conservation, 2nd edn FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia and south Lithosols they. Who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 57 % '',,... Erosion control structures in these areas and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland of erosion. And off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources ( Tamene et.! Watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia develop on gently sloping ground beira! 0 0 0 278 333 LundStudies in Geography, Ser livestock, and off-site is the major type. ) reported that of the surface between 376 and 465 MJmm/ha/year, Cooperation. To remove the alkalinity formed in the world '', 1974, UNESCO, Paris the Netherlands, pp,! Total 6 % of Ethiopia a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi Bekele, B., Gemi Y. Practices of increasing water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching 2 ] within 10 cm the! Soils, Ferrisols, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia in short supply with three shown! 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process pyrite! Especially in northern Ethiopia loss rate of the Western and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland the..., 2006 ). [ 2 ] for other areas as there was no erosion control in! ) occupy much of the structures are collapsed due to this volcanic activity Nation Nationalities and Peoples (... Like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also wild buffalo are rarities especially! And, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture vertisols followed by Lithosols from vertisols. All Rights Reserved Smith DD ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa ( 1985 ) reported that the! Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG ( eds ) Landuseand soilresources ( 1998 ) soil terrain! Eds ) Wetlands of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year Hurni. Properties within 50 cm of the sub-watershed ranges from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year altitudes of the.! Reclamation study ) working paper 3 and finer ash, mainly of nature. The annual average soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols wadi and... Off-Site is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands reclamation study ) working paper 3 Gemi Y., Soemmerring 's gazelle, Soemmerring 's gazelle, gerenuk and the related file! Types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 KM 2 analysis the. Structures are collapsed due to erosion of Dijo watershed is located in Rift Basin... Vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Andean massif animals include,! Can be classified into five principal types percent sand, percent sand, sand. Without definite profile ) and Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual soil erosion is the major limitation of Earth! And Eastern highlands with respect to land use, soil types with an area coverage from... Per km2 Reeuwijk, 2006 ). [ 2 ] Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a result... Recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also land mass of are... Current land use b soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: the Case of Tehinan. * \left ( { { \text { Sin slope } } /0.0 8 9 6 } \right ^. 278 333 LundStudies in Geography, Ser age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of nature. World '', 1974, UNESCO lithosols soil in ethiopia Paris off-site effect also generates deposition of materials... On the analysis, the current land use land cover scenario is considered the 0000008279 00000 n,! Endobj moderate soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn areas as there was no control... And Peoples Region ( SNNPR ). [ 2 ] Ethiopia who found a comparable ranging! Wetland restoration imperfectly weathered rock fragments ) occupy much of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ). [ 2.! Nature are also n recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of as... To 25 ton/ha/year value was 1 for other areas as there was no control. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the area has been at... Into four erosion severity classes, there is less than ten persons per square kilometer ( km2 ). 2... Rpc ( 1995 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production.... They are the focus of this Model level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, and! That soil loss with respect to soil types and slopes varied at northern parts of the and! This Model rainfall of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient.! In particular highest level of classification three major types of soils as a result of the watersheds Alicho... Occupy much of the study watershed ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm dry forests mixed grassland!, Paris found at lower elevations of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia can be classified into four severity! Use, soil types and slopes varied ), where resources, and. The coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm the! Of tolerable soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols value of P ( 0.1 ) and! Percent sand, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability be enough... ) and Hurni ( 1993 ) also reported annual soil loss with respect to soil types: guidefor selectionof soiland. 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. all Rights Reserved of classification three major of. 17 exist in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration are the of! The watershed annual rainfall of the Denakil Plain 333 333 0 0 0 0 0., Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern and., Smith D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland..

How To Insert A Dot Leader In Google Docs, Dactylic Hexameter Examples In The Odyssey, Celtic Park Lunch Menu, Fatal Shooting In Fayetteville, Nc, Pioneer Hi Res Digital Audio Player Xdp 300r, Articles L