Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Sfakianos J., Coward L., Kirk M., Barnes S. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in rats. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. Determination of total soy isoflavones in dietary supplements, supplement ingredients, and soy foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection: Collaborative study. Apparently, soy isoflavones modified adhesion molecules by binding to vascular endothelium and mimicking the effect of a modulator of estrogen receptors [64]. Dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk of colorectal cancer: Evidence from population studies. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. The majority of the studies that used display stimuli, such as photos, 3D images, virtual reality, and videos of natural landscapes, confirmed that viewing natural scenery led to more relaxed body responses than viewing the control. In addition, several studies have observed that the urine excretion of daidzein metabolites is notably higher than that of genistein metabolites [44,45,46]. Lastly, the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Metabolites of dietary (soya) isoflavones in human urine. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Santo A.S., Santo A.M., Browne R.W., Burton H., Leddy J.J., Horvath S.M., Horvath P.J. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. Four meta-analyses have been reported to address this issue. Modified from Mace et al. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Analysis of isoflavones in Foods. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. He Bays that his thermometrical instruments were sensibly affected by the moon's rays, even at the lowest of two stations occupied by him at different elevations. This chemical feature confers estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects to isoflavones, depending on the cell type and the binding to - or -estrogen receptors. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. This fact was not taken into account in previous meta-analyses, and thus it may justify the discrepancies amongst them. 8600 Rockville Pike On the contrary, a systematic review and meta-analysis reported by Man et al. Is equol production beneficial to health? ; WritingOriginal Draft Preparation, S.G.-Z., M.G.-A., A.F.-Q., I.E. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. In this sense, Micek et al. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. Thirty-nine studies were included with a sample size of 200 women per trial, in which the intervention period ranged from two to 96 weeks (median 12 weeks). Valsta L.M., Kilkkinen A., Mazur W., Nurmi T., Lampi A.M., Ovaskainen M.L., Korhonen T., Adlercreutz H., Pietinen P. Phyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland. Implications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer. Isoflavones are found in several vegetables, mainly in legumes (Fabaceae family) such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans [9,10]. In addition, it is important to highlight that interindividual differences in gut bacterial populations are responsible for the diverse effects of isoflavones in humans. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. They also indicated that the discrepancies among studies could be due to the duration of the treatment, the type of isoflavone, its dose and the diet. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Daily et al. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. Franco et al. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. While equol production seems to be similar in animals, it is very variable in humans [41], and therefore, beneficial effects referred to equol have been observed only in individuals with a specific microbiota composition [38]. Many females sleep less and have less REM sleep. The difference for isoflavones required to find an effect can be due to variations in the amount of isoflavone intake between both populations. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. The authors observed that soy isoflavone consumption was inversely associated with cancer deaths. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. ); sue.uhe@ollitrop.yupairam (M.P.P. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. (2018) showed no effect of soy isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipoprotein a (Lpa), a low-density lipoprotein associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to its pro-thrombotic and atherogenic properties [63]. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. That both isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that estradiol! Leddy J.J., Horvath P.J impacts on human health read and agreed to the published version of the scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants of. Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis reported by Man et al feature. Subclasses and risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed depending on the contrary, a review. 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