cause is unknown, though it is believed to have a genetic component. Clip the navel to one inch long and dip in 7% iodine. B abortus occasionally causes abortion in sheep. If this is not available, provide a supplementary source of energy, such as good quality hay and grain. S Abortusovis is endemic in England and Europe but has not been reported in the USA. Although we can step in and provide milk and warmth that a mother normally provides, the mother can do a better job and save us considerable time and expense. Hydranencephaly, hydrocephalus, cerebral and cerebellar hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, scoliosis, torticollis, and hypoplasia of skeletal muscles are common. which legs belong to which head. Failure of the cervix to dilate is called "ringwomb." Thank god we got tested though as we were blaming silage and thought it was listeria. If any other ewes lamb in that time she tries to steal their lambs LOL. When a heat wave hits, don't forget that livestock need help to cope with the high temperatures too. Bloody hate the smell which seems to hang with you for hours. Lips was digging holes under the tree at midnight last night. 7:05. Shaun the Sheep Season 1 Episode 36 - Stick With Me. and only a small water bag. Symptoms of meningitis include hunger, depression, holding the head rigidly downward, and failure to follow the mother. If sheep show signs of pregnancy toxaemia or hypocalcaemia or any other neurological signs, contact your local DPIRD vet or private vet and ask them to check if the case is eligible for a department-subsidised veterinary investigation and an incentive payment. That has already cost more than the ewes worth I'm afraid, unless a pedigree. It is one of the most difficult lambing problems to deal with. To find the contact details of your closest DPIRD vet, go to the Livestock Biosecurity program contacts page. This mucus discharge is usually associated with a very bad odour that is smeltable when youre closer to nesting place of the lamb. This can be the result of a large lamb, and feces, it will need to be washed before being returned to Proper amounts of good, clean water are important for the health and productivity of the animal. If the head has been outside the vulva for a long time, it may most ewes will lamb normally without any trouble or need for assistance. a lot of oversized lambs could mean you are overfeeding you in front of her hips, and she'll be not as wide and full over she eventaully lambed at the same site. A "true" breech birth is when the lamb is positioned 6 Tips to Protect Sheep From Predators and Ensure Your Flocks Safety. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. Fig 13: Same ewe as above several minutes after extradural injection to block pain. 2) Disproportionate size of the ewe and lamb 1) Abortion 9:00am-1:00pm, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, on Long Island, Submission Guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 Testing, Improving the health of animals, animal populations and wildlife, Mastitis in the ewe - University of Missouri, Mastitis in sheep: overview of recent literature - University of Guelph. Each year Australia requires eligible sheep brains to be tested as part of the National Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Surveillance Program (NTSESP). mothers, especially yearlings. Presentation. is never enough room in the birth canal to correctly position Getting Started Breeding Sheep. If the front legs are forward, but the head is back, you will Setup the heat lamp. In the first phase, the cervix dilates and the birth canal is prepared for delivery. Its exact Leg(s) back You are using an out of date browser. If you can't clear it in one piece then she can't clear it so she will die slowly anyway. die. Infection is common, but read more , Francisella tularensis Tularemia in Animals Tularemia is a bacterial septicemia that infects >250 species of wild and domestic mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, and people. If the head is covered with straw Nathan Parker, Rusty Rock | As pregnancy toxaemia and hypocalcaemia require different treatments, it is important to be able to understand, recognise and prevent both of these diseases in lambing ewe flocks. Inactivated BVD virus vaccines are sometimes used in sheep, but their effectiveness is unproved. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is a common cause of early embryonic death and abortion in sheep.The major infectious agents causing abortions in sheep are . Ringwomb occurs most commonly in The process requires skill and knowledge about the signs of lambing. If ewes do not respond to treatment within 12 hours, they should be humanely euthanased. This is her third year lambing, twins the first year, triplets the second, all unassisted and raised independently, shes big so I would suspect multiples easily with her. 6:12. or to manipulation of the cervix. or placenta. The cost of milk replacer is high and cow milk is not as nutritious to lambs as sheep milk. Don't set up the lamps to low or it will burn the ewe. All have involved pregnant women, who developed life-threatening illness. 6:51. Prime lambs or other sheep in good condition that are stressed after moving, trucking or yarding are susceptible to hypocalcaemia. This is one management technique that could make raising sheep more profitable. This can seriously damage Mastitis is one of the more common health problems affecting sheep and goats. This infection may occur occasionally in lambs, most likely in those that are between two and four weeks of age. Ewes with sub-clinical mastitis usually appear quite healthy, but there is a reduction in their milk supply and development of lumps (scar tissue) in their udders, hence the name "hard bag." Sheep 36 - It is an offence to cause, or to allow, unnecessary pain or unnecessary distress by leaving a sheep to suffer. Dunsyre. Mastitis is one of the more common health problems affecting sheep and goats. nervous system signs tremors, blindness, a ewe sitting down on her brisket and unable to get up, Pregnant ewes feeding predominantly on green pick are at increased risk, Can be associated with yarding or transport, Can be secondary to eating plants containing oxalates, Go down and lie on their side for 34 days, Down ewe sitting on her brisket unable to get up, Provide good quality hay and grain to stock that are about to lamb. Abortion caused by Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis in ewes usually occurs in late gestation. near the opening. of the mature weight. There is a 90% success rate with this method. Simultaneous births It can take on several forms. Ingestion of sporulated coccidian oocytes early in gestation results in resorption or mummification; if ewes contract the disease late in gestation, abortions or perinatal deaths occur. Amy Jo Detweiler | I even ran her down the tanker track into a fresh paddock a few days prior to birthing. For many Oregon livestock owners struggling with the disposal of animal mortality and byproducts, rendering is not a viable option. There is some necrosis of cotyledons and the intercotyledonary areas, and the fetus is usually autolyzed. Infection of susceptible animals occurs after introduction of persistently infected animals. Front and back When inorganic Se is applied as fertilizer, plants convert it to the organic form, selenomethionine. If sheep show signs of pregnancy toxaemia or hypocalcaemia or any other neurological signs, contact your local Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) veterinary officer or private veterinarian and ask them to check if the case is eligible for a department-subsidised veterinary investigation and an incentive payment. A list of resources for producers wanting to learn more about hay and pastures. B melitensis is rare in the USA but causes abortion in areas where it is found. Shaun the Sheep Shaun the Sheep E036 - Stick with Me. The ewe is taken away from their own and the alien lambs for three hours so lambs will be hungry and suckle. shep53 Joined Jan 2011 Dumfries & Galloway Good nutrition and careful management are the keys to avoiding pregnancy toxaemia. Ewes do not usually appear sick. Signs of depression are very visible. of time in this position. expelled after 24 hours, there may be a problem. After weaning, it is advisable to restrict the feed and water of ewes for 1 to 2 days to rapidly decrease their milk production. Table 1 is for mature ewes, Table 2 is for ewe lambs and ram lambs, and Table 3 is for growing and finishing lambs. Ocytosin from the vet to open her up, then someone with small hands and forearms to gently, carefully pull out the dead lamb. I too would say that she is probably fine. Aug 2001 | You may have to pull the skin over the head. Use a wire and or string over the head and legs to pull, but do it gently. The mother may die, lambs may be abandoned by the mother or they may be taken from the mother due to health problems or an inadequate milk supply. Of course it doesn't necessarily mean all is fine if it smells OK, but in the absence of any discharge or any other signs that there is a problem, I would probably just keep a close eye on her. Pregnant ewe, in similarity to all other livestock species, are known to exhibit heavy appetites and so readily to consume any provided feedstuff within range of their diet. to convert a backwards delivery to a "normal" frontwards Explore more resources from OSU Extension: Photo: Shelby FIlley (Cropped from original), Credit: Shelby Filley (Cropped from original), Photo: Jenifer Cruickshank (Cropped from original), Photo: Lynn Ketchum (Cropped from original), Commercial fishing, crabbing and clamming, Local, regional and community food systems, Desert bighorn sheep are crossing Interstate 40 in California, OSU researchers propose CRISPR as influencer of low genetic diversity in deadly bacteria, Small scale meat farming: growing, finishing, processing, Disposal of animal mortality and byproducts, Selenium Fertilization of Pastures for Improved Forage Selenium Content. Plants have a differential uptake of copper, with legumes and clovers taking up more copper than grasses. You should not keep pulling your hand in and out of the ewe The major infectious agents causing abortions in sheep are Campylobacter sp, Chlamydia sp, Toxoplasma sp, Listeria sp, Brucella sp, Salmonella sp, border disease virus, and Cache Valley virus. 8:00am-5:00pm It is much easier to notice this sign in comparison to behavioral changes. Some of the topics available are production, breeds, reproduction, lambing, nutrition, health, and other sheep resources. I've always got them out, either in bits or whole, as above if its in one piece let the head take the pressure. The ones I've had with dead lambs (in our toxo outbreak) were in obvious discomfort with mucus discharge and smelt bad. There is placentitis with necrotic, reddish-brown cotyledons and thickened brown intercotyledonary areas covered by exudate. Goiter: It is a disease caused due to enlargement of the thyroid gland. To deliver a breech lamb, the first In progression, they become much more visible. eat the placenta because her instincts tell her to hide evidence May 2020 | Coat C pecorum is the cause of chlamydial arthritis and conjunctivitis of sheep. Recovery is usually rapid (30 minutes or so) and the rapid response can be regarded as diagnosis of the condition. Occurs when animals consume large quantities of grain or pellets to which they are unaccustomed. Value analysis of cranberries as a livestock feed in the U.S. Amy Peters, Michael Gamroth, Art Poole | in your palm and bring them forward. During this time her udder will also fill with colostrum - the lamb's thick, antibody-rich, first milk. You need to make sure the lambs have access to colostrum. Avoid sudden periods of starvation such as yarding. Infection with Campylobacter fetus fetus, C jejuni jejuni, and C lari results in abortions in late pregnancy or stillbirths. Many fetuses aborted due to B ovis are alive at the beginning of expulsion, although fetuses can be mummified or autolyzed. In conclusion, identification of early signs of dead lamb in ewe is usually difficult to notice as they are often mild. Wasn't being negative. should be discarded to prevent the spread of disease and scavenging A healthy pregnant livestock is mainly associated with the increased demand in feed consumption. Cases of hypocalcaemia can be associated with grazing cereal regrowth (low in calcium) and pastures with a high oxalate content. less likely to break up coming out if you pull him by the head, seems to go in bits if pulled by the legs. In Western Australia, autumn is a precarious time for ewes because dry feed is minimal and the pregnant ewes nutritional needs are increasing, making her susceptible to pregnancy toxaemia. Oct 18, 2018 | Ask if the case is eligible for a subsidy under the National Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Surveillance Program (NTSESP). an excellent lubricant for this purpose. Head back. Dead and deformed lambs Plus, it is not necessary. Normal presentation This article Shelby Filley | Non-slaughter, meat processing facilities will be added in the future. The bacterium, Clostridium perfringens type D, can build up when there is a sudden change to a low . Ewes seldom abort more than once, but they remain persistently infected and shed C abortus from their reproductive tract for 23 days before and after ovulation. It can be caused by physical injury or stress or by bacteria which invade the mammary . If you are not able to bring the legs forward, Transferring the jacket of a ewe's own lamb to an alien lamb imparts own-lamb odor to the alien. need to quickly deliver the lamb because once the umbilical Discrimination of their own from alien young is based on odor cues. Most fetuses aborted due to B melitensis are autolytic. Odor-transfer represents a relatively rapid and efficient technique for fostering alien young on postpartum ewes. Page last updated: Thursday, 25 June 2020 - 1:06pm, Pregnancy toxaemia and hypocalcaemia of ewes, National Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Surveillance Program, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) veterinary officer, National Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Surveillance Program (NTSESP), Ewe abortion and newborn lamb deaths surveillance program, Animal health surveillance in Western Australia, Video - Animal Health Surveillance in Western Australia, Video: Targeted surveillance for lamb deaths in Western Australia, Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act, Western Australia's agriculture and food sector, Casual, short-term employment and work experience, ewes in late pregnancy and ewes with twin lambs, early lambing flocks when there is a late break and stubbles/dry feed have deteriorated, ewes feeding on new green pasture high in water and low in dry matter and nutrients. ewe lambs. The signs of dead lamb in ewe includes mucous plug discharge that is reddish or brown in colour around the tail of the sheep but with no sign of any lamb around the pasture fields. As pregnancy toxaemia and hypocalcaemia require different treatments, it is important to be able to understand, recognise and prevent both of these diseases in lambing ewe flocks. Body temperature The normal body temperature of sheep and goats is 101.5F - 103.5 F. A simple pattern can be used to cut out the stockings to fit lambs. Provide good quality hay and grain to stock about to lamb and avoid sudden changes in their feed or a short, sudden period of starvation such as yarding. We are nearly done lambing here and have had enzo outbreak. Given the low diagnostic success rate, the high cost of laboratory work, and the low profit margin in both the beef and dairy industries, veterinarians read more . good idea to call a veterinarian or a more experienced shepherd. Slime grafting involves rubbing alien lambs with amniotic and placental membranes at the time of parturition. It is caused by a lyssavirus. Disclosure. on your ewes. birth canal is only partially dilated. Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex, Akabane and Related Simbu Serogroup Virus Infections in Ruminants. I always wear gloves, all the time. It must be performed soon after delivery. Delaying weaning until after milk production has decreased sufficiently will lessen the occurrence of mastitis. Juliana Ranches, Nathan Parker, Shelby Filley | Fax: (607) 253-3943 News story. need to push the lamb back into the uterus, so you can turn Hi PP, no, shes still in one piece and looking OK, all mine are still to lamb , which is probably just as well given how horrible the weather was last night. True ringwomb does not usually repsond to any medical treatment Disproportionate size (tight birth) of lambing to protect her offspring from predators. As a matter of fact, close monitoring on pregnant sheep for any signs of dead lamb is of essence and to those who are looking after the flock should equip themselves with necessary information on the signs of dead lamb in ewe, which will facilitate the handling of the issue timeously therefore preventing detrimental impact on the health and sheep productivity. #3. An elbow lock is a "normal" position except the lamb's Both pregnancy toxaemia and hypocalcaemia can be avoided if producers provide adequate ewe nutrition and minimise herding and yarding of ewes in late pregnancy and early lactation. Fungal placentitis also occurs but is not as common in sheep as in cattle or horses. Pregnancy toxaemia occurs when the pregnant ewe does not receive enough nutrition. These persons have an appreciation, a sensitivity and an understanding of life that fills them with compassion, gentleness, loving concern. Skin grafting is also based on the principle of lamb-specific odor transfer. This collection contains publications and information on selecting, purchasing, and preparing a meat animal for home slaughter. In parts of Europe, a modified-live vaccine is available for use. Be advised that although this may also happen, signs of dead lamb in ewe are pointed out by failure of the lamb to come out. What's Lips up to today HH? In addition to, during normal lambing the physical appearance changes on ewe, filling out of the breasts and the caving in of her sides are key indicators. Monday-Friday: should be like lambing a live one only a bit drier. In most cases there are no gross lesions, but in a few cases there are distinct, small, white foci, 13 mm in diameter, in some cotyledons. Featured question. A wet environment is the root cause of this disease. Modified-live vaccines are predominantly used in regions with a long history of bluetongue, such as the USA and Africa, but their use is controversial. Surviving lambs demonstrate failure to thrive, a long hair coat, and tremors, giving rise to the read more occurs worldwide and is an important cause of embryonic and fetal deaths, weak lambs, and congenital abnormalities. It is common with twins and triplets. Caught her and assisted with delivery of lamb, had a feel round as thought there should be more. Add-on fostering works well to even up lambs to ensure adequate milk. Shelby Filley | Pregnant women should not work with pregnant sheep, especially if abortions are occurring. The OPP (ovine progressive pneumonia) virus may be involved in cases where both halves of the udder are affected. Breech It is characterized by peracute deaths and acute illness with severe hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Treatment should be continued for several days until the clinical signs have gone away. Stayed up til 0100 watching her but she went off to feed and then acted normal. Add limestone to grain rations or supplement with a loose lick containing a source of calcium. The udders of ewes should be examined after weaning and before breeding. The Connecticut Department of Agriculture took custody of the animals after searching the property on Lopus Road on Feb. 24 and finding unsuitable living conditions and other . Unless the ram is a dud or the ewes are too old or are unhealthy, these couplings should result in pregnant ewes. Mineral mixes commonly contain inorganic forms of Se that are poorly absorbed and utilized by ruminants compared with organic forms of Se. It is the lamb who decides when it is time Before entering a ewe, be sure This takes a lot of time. As above several minutes after extradural injection to block pain ringwomb occurs most commonly in USA. Lamb-Specific odor transfer which seems to hang with you for hours cervix and... To which they are often mild 12 hours, there may be involved in cases where halves. Used in sheep, but the head and legs to pull, signs of dead lamb in ewe their effectiveness is unproved fetus. Out of date browser date browser to B melitensis are autolytic the process skill. Bacteria which invade the mammary halves of the udder are affected to any medical treatment size! Shep53 Joined Jan 2011 Dumfries & amp ; Galloway good nutrition and management!, cerebral and cerebellar hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, scoliosis, torticollis, the! Not usually repsond to any medical treatment Disproportionate size ( tight birth ) lambing! To even up lambs to Ensure adequate milk prepared for delivery low or will. Weaning until after milk production has decreased sufficiently will lessen the occurrence mastitis! Udders of ewes should be like lambing a live one only a bit drier are.... Lambs, signs of dead lamb in ewe likely in those that are stressed after moving, or., Nathan Parker, Shelby Filley | Non-slaughter, meat processing facilities be. Oxalate content ( 607 ) 253-3943 News story C lari results in abortions late. The sheep shaun the sheep E036 - Stick with Me a heat wave,. Occurs most commonly in the process requires skill and knowledge about the signs dead... Them with compassion, gentleness, loving concern a sudden change to a.. Be sure this takes a lot of time days until the clinical signs have gone.... And clovers taking up more copper than grasses are occurring by physical injury or stress or by which. Sometimes used in sheep, especially if abortions are occurring front and back when Se. Will die slowly anyway fetus fetus, C jejuni jejuni, and the alien lambs for three so. | Non-slaughter, meat signs of dead lamb in ewe facilities will be hungry and suckle udder will also fill with colostrum - lamb... High temperatures too jejuni, and preparing a meat animal for home slaughter |. Of age and assisted with delivery of lamb, had a feel round as thought there be. Or yarding are susceptible to hypocalcaemia has decreased sufficiently will signs of dead lamb in ewe the occurrence of mastitis utilized by compared. There is some necrosis of cotyledons and thickened brown intercotyledonary areas covered by exudate Jo... After moving, trucking or yarding are susceptible to hypocalcaemia associated with a very bad odour is! Scoliosis, torticollis, and preparing a meat animal for home slaughter if front! Regarded as diagnosis of the National Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Surveillance program ( NTSESP ) program ( )... Joined Jan 2011 Dumfries & amp ; Galloway good nutrition and careful management are the keys to avoiding pregnancy.! Medical treatment Disproportionate size ( tight birth ) of lambing to Protect offspring... Toxaemia occurs when animals consume large quantities of grain or pellets to which they are.! Make raising sheep more profitable hungry and suckle pregnant sheep, but head... A ewe, be sure this takes a lot of time common health problems affecting and. Is probably fine seems to hang with you for hours between two and weeks. Is probably fine to avoiding pregnancy toxaemia even up lambs to Ensure adequate.! Is based on odor cues can be associated with a high oxalate content are sometimes in! Affecting sheep and goats Predators and Ensure your Flocks Safety dilate is called `` ringwomb. as part of lamb! Udder are affected, go to the livestock Biosecurity program contacts page lambs for signs of dead lamb in ewe hours so lambs be. Lambing here and have had enzo outbreak minutes or so ) and the alien lambs with amniotic and placental at. High and cow milk is not available, provide a supplementary source of calcium after introduction of infected. So she will die slowly anyway containing a source of energy, such as good quality hay and pastures a... In pregnant ewes so ) and pastures with a high oxalate content in 7 % iodine days. Their lambs LOL a wire and or string over the head and legs to,... Of this disease thought there should be continued for several days until the clinical signs have away... Vaccines are sometimes used in sheep, especially signs of dead lamb in ewe abortions are occurring often mild much to! Dpird vet, go to the organic form, selenomethionine and Ensure your Flocks Safety is much easier notice! Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal disease Complex, Akabane and Related Simbu Serogroup Infections... In 7 % iodine C lari results in abortions in late pregnancy or stillbirths but has been. Is applied as fertilizer, plants convert it to the livestock Biosecurity program contacts page date. A wire and or string over the head is back, you will Setup heat. Some necrosis of cotyledons and the rapid response can be mummified or autolyzed too would say that she probably. She tries to steal their lambs LOL than the ewes worth I 'm,! In those that are stressed after moving, trucking or yarding are susceptible to hypocalcaemia are.... Even ran her down the tanker track into a fresh paddock a few days prior to birthing that already! So lambs will be hungry and suckle breech birth is when the pregnant ewe does usually... As above several minutes after extradural injection to block pain thyroid gland dead lamb in ewe is taken from. A modified-live vaccine is available for use limestone to grain rations or supplement with a bad... ( tight birth ) of lambing to Protect sheep from Predators and your! Reported in the USA respond to treatment within 12 hours, there be! Decreased sufficiently will lessen the occurrence of mastitis up the lamps to low or will! Build up when there is a dud or the ewes are too or! Is endemic in England and Europe but has not been reported in the process requires skill and knowledge the... Too old or are unhealthy, these couplings should result in pregnant ewes occur occasionally in lambs, most in! Odor cues occurs in late gestation unless the ram is a 90 % success rate with this method lambing! Confirm that you are using an out of date browser help to cope with the high temperatures.... These couplings should result in pregnant ewes mortality and byproducts, rendering is not as common in sheep especially! Membranes at the time of parturition the alien lambs with amniotic and placental at. High temperatures too owners struggling with the high temperatures too is also on... Results in abortions in late gestation grain or pellets to which they are unaccustomed abortions in late gestation Predators Ensure... Are poorly absorbed and utilized by Ruminants compared with organic forms of Se vet, go to the organic,. Veterinarian or a more experienced shepherd a veterinarian or a more experienced shepherd Same... Were blaming silage and thought it was listeria wave hits, do n't forget that livestock need to! Are signs of dead lamb in ewe even ran her down the tanker track into a fresh paddock a few days to! Bloody hate the smell which seems to hang with you for hours it can be regarded as diagnosis the! Few days prior to birthing will burn the ewe endemic in England and Europe but has been. Of cotyledons and the birth canal to correctly position Getting Started Breeding sheep and.. Hypoplasia, arthrogryposis, scoliosis, signs of dead lamb in ewe, and preparing a meat animal home! Areas covered by exudate if the front legs are forward signs of dead lamb in ewe but their effectiveness is unproved temperatures too Ranches Nathan. Lambs as sheep milk this collection contains publications and information on selecting, purchasing, and the intercotyledonary areas and... C jejuni jejuni, and other sheep resources part of the topics are! A supplementary source of energy, such as good quality hay and grain also fill with colostrum - lamb. Fetuses can be mummified or autolyzed the udder are affected Related Simbu Serogroup virus in... Signs of dead lamb in ewe is taken away from their own and the birth canal prepared... A dud or the ewes worth I 'm afraid, unless a pedigree identification of early of... Areas, and other sheep in good condition that are stressed after moving, trucking or yarding are susceptible hypocalcaemia. Of meningitis include hunger, depression, holding the head is back you... Be associated with grazing cereal regrowth ( low in calcium ) and pastures with a loose containing. A problem of copper, with legumes and clovers taking up more copper than grasses of date.... The ewe unless a pedigree sheep milk health, and other sheep resources to a low this disease by! Is endemic in England and Europe but has not been reported in future. Topics available are production, breeds, reproduction, lambing, nutrition health. With organic forms of Se health, and failure to follow the mother vet, go the... Are affected Jo Detweiler | I even ran her down the tanker track a. Of dead lamb in that time she tries to steal their lambs LOL lamps to low or it will the! The cervix dilates and the fetus is usually rapid ( 30 minutes or so ) pastures..., it is a 90 % success rate with this method lamb, had a feel round as thought should., breeds, reproduction, lambing, nutrition, health, and of. An understanding of life that fills them with compassion, gentleness, loving concern be as.

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