Speer was appalled by this order, and persuaded several key military and political leaders to ignore it. [89] To increase production, Speer introduced a system of punishments for his workforce. A groundbreaking 26-part documentary series narrated by the actor Laurence Olivier about the deadliest conflict in history, World War II. The Speer houses are on the right side. [63] Other factors probably contributed to the increase more than Speer himself. [148] In October 1973, he made his first trip to Britain, flying to London to be interviewed on the BBC Midweek programme. [37] Speer hired Wolters as part of his design team, with special responsibility for the Prachtstrasse. House Albert Speer (4) Location: Take the road in front of the Gutshof back uphill to the Berghof. It became instrumental in exploiting slave labor for the benefit of the German war effort. Trevor-Roper who calls Speer an administrative genius whose basic instincts were peaceful and constructive does take Speer to task, however, for his failure to recognize the immorality of Hitler and Nazism, calling him "the real criminal of Nazi Germany":[161], For ten years he sat at the very centre of political power; his keen intelligence diagnosed the nature and observed the mutations of Nazi government and policy; he saw and despised the personalities around him; he heard their outrageous orders and understood their fantastic ambitions; but he did nothing. They're private residences. This criticism is mainly presented by the documentary film "Speer Goes to Hollywood" by the director Vanessa Lapa. [50] In his final statement at Nuremberg, Speer gave the impression of apologizing, although he did not directly admit any personal guilt and the only victim he mentioned was the German people. [73] Sauckel obtained new workers often using the most brutal methods. This delayed the program, and Speer was unable to remedy the situation. Albert Speer, Hitler's architect, who became Minister of Armaments and War Production in World War II, died today at St. Mary's Hospital. [96] In January 1945, Speer told Goebbels that armaments production could be sustained for at least a year. [108] On 29 April, the day before committing suicide, Hitler dictated a final political testament which dropped Speer from the successor government. Instead, he issued the "Nero Decree" on 19 March, which called for the destruction of all infrastructure as the army retreated. It was for the maltreatment of these people, that Speer was principally convicted at the Nuremberg Trials. [145], Speer's memoirs were a phenomenal success. Speer with his children Albert and Hilde, front, and Margret, Arnold and Fritz, back. Speer II is more than an urban planner. Oil production became so low that any possibility of offensive action became impossible and weaponry lay idle. [155] Isabell Trommer writes in her biography of Speer that Fest and Siedler were co-authors of Speer's memoirs and co-creators of his myths. Labor to build the A4 rockets came from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. Having served his full term, Speer was released in 1966. I presumably had a sense of somber events. [53] Speer's offices undertook building work for each branch of the military, and for the SS, using slave labor. There was no communication. In this position, Speer used millions of forced laborers to raise economic production. During the winter of 194142, in the light of Germany's disastrous defeat in the Battle of Moscow, the German leadership including Friedrich Fromm, Georg Thomas and Fritz Todt had come to the conclusion that the war could not be won. [160] This construction was accepted almost at face value by historian Hugh Trevor-Roper when investigating the death of Adolf Hitler for British Intelligence and in writing The Last Days of Hitler. A lbert Speer was born in 1905 in Mannheim to an upper-middle-class family that had benefited from Germany's meteoric economic growth. letters that exist between ernst and the parents which he wrote and Inside the Third Reich begins with an account of Speer's childhood, followed by a description of his role as Heinrich Tessenow's assistant at the Technical University of Berlin. He agreed to expand Auschwitz and some other camps, allocating 13.7 million Reichsmarks for the work to be carried out. [117], Speer was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, principally for the use of slave labor and forced labor. [15] Instead, he revised his Spandau writings into two autobiographical books, Inside the Third Reich (in German, Erinnerungen, or Reminiscences[140]) and Spandau: The Secret Diaries. Martin Kitchen, a British historian, says that the choice was not surprising. After serving. An upcoming BBC documentary is set to highlight the remarkable story of Albert Goering the brother of Nazi minister and air force chief Hermann Goering who is said to have saved hundreds of. [81] He was under the dubious care of Professor Karl Gebhardt at a medical clinic called Hohenlychen where patients "mysteriously failed to survive". Speer states he became hopeful when Hitler explained how communism could be checked and Germany could recover economically. His mother died in 1952. [147], Speer made himself widely available to historians and other enquirers. He goes on to say that at the Nuremberg Trial he stated he "had to share the total responsibility for all that had happened", and that he "was inescapably contaminated morally". Study now. By the autumn of 1942 however, the estimated period for developing a weapon had increased to three to four years, much too long to affect the war. by. For Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, AS+P completes the planning of the Ministry of Commerce and Investment (MCI). Born 1906 [location unknown] Ancestors. At the end of 1933, he contracted Paul Troost to renovate the entire building. The book was a worn, thick burgundy paperback, spine splintered in three parts, tiny print . [93] He opposed the assassination attempt against Hitler on 20 July 1944. Speer was able to have his writings sent to Wolters, however, and they eventually amounted to 20,000 pages. [12] In Munich Speer began a close friendship, ultimately spanning over 50 years, with Rudolf Wolters, who also studied under Tessenow. Inside the Third Reich: Directed by Marvin J. Chomsky. Inventing for Speer the post of General Inspector of Buildings, Hitler steadily promoted him to the point where other Nazi leaders and rivals believed that he might well become Hitler's successor. Hitler's cabinet was dismayed at his tactics, but, regardless, he was able to accumulate new responsibilities and more power. By July 1943 Speer's armaments propaganda became irrelevant because a catalogue of dramatic defeats on the battlefield meant the prospect of losing the war could no longer be hidden from the German public. [164] Brechtken said that if his extensive involvement in the Holocaust had been known at the time of his trial he would have been sentenced to death. . He lost Hitler's unconditional support and began to lose power. [92] The rockets were built at an underground factory at Mittelwerk. Speer first heard Adolf Hitler speak during an address to the combined students and faculty of Berlin University and his institute. If Speer, who had been so close to Hitler, had not known the full extent of the crimes of the Nazi regime and had just been "following orders", then they could tell themselves and others they too had done the same. For the record, Ernst Speer is discussed at p. 336 in Beevor's "Stalingrad" (Penguin 2007), The Dieter Zinke Axis Biographical Research Section, Life in the Third Reich & Weimar Republic, Kriegsmarine surface ships and Kriegsmarine in general, Luftwaffe air units and Luftwaffe in general, German Strategy & General German Military Discussion, NSDAP, other party organizations & Government, The Dieter Zinke Axis Biographical Research Section, The Ron Klages Panzer & other vehicles Section, Panzer & other vehicles - Photo threads, Axis Documents, Feldpost numbers, Postcards & Other Paper Items, The United Kingdom & its Empire and Commonwealth 1919-45, The Allies and the Neutral States in general, German Colonies and Overseas Expeditions, The end of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1923, Translation help: Breaking the Sound Barrier. This led to a significant German Army failure at the Battle of Prokhorovka, a major turning point on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Red Army. [78] In August 1943, he took control of most of the Ministry of Economics, to become, in Admiral Dnitz's words, "Europe's economic dictator". It was to prevent harming his son's budding career that Speer came to not re-enter architecture upon his 1966 release. [163] By 1999, historians had amply demonstrated that Speer had lied extensively. [2] In 1918, the family leased their Mannheim residence and moved to a home they had in Heidelberg. alberts side and was generally desribed as a wastrel. Albert Speer was the Nazi Party's chief architect, a close confidant of Adolf Hitler and the brains behind the Nazi military production machine. [51] Speer used forced Jewish labor on these projects, in addition to regular German workers. Once Speer became aware of the existence of the fund, he sent detailed instructions about what to do with the money. Speer was to be replaced by his subordinate, Karl-Otto Saur. Das Cytoskelett; Vergleich Pflanzenzelle - Tierzelle: Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten; Vergleich der Eigenschaften von prokaryotischen und eukaryotischen Zellen In 1942, he was named Minister of Armaments and Munitions, assuming significant responsibility for the German war economy. He was credited with a dramatic increase in the shipment of arms that was widely reported as keeping Germany in the war. He also cites the use of the V-2 as a terror weapon, rather than continued development of the ground-to-air defensive Waterfall rocket. Described by associates as ice cold. He had become one of the most powerful people in Nazi Germany. Discussions on the personalities of the Wehrmacht and of the organizations not covered in the other sections. BERLIN When Hilde Schramm inherited several paintings collected by her father, Hitler's chief architect and Armaments Minister Albert Speer, she was only sure of one thing: she did not want. After August 1944, oil from the Romanian fields was no longer available. [173] In 2005, The Daily Telegraph reported that documents had surfaced indicating that Speer had approved the allocation of materials for the expansion of Auschwitz concentration camp after two of his assistants inspected the facility on a day when almost a thousand Jews were massacred. [121] There he was known as Prisoner Number Five. [139] Although he stated he hoped to resume an architectural career, his sole project, a collaboration for a brewery, was unsuccessful. he is one of Germany's top architects. However, his other brother Ernst had died in the Battle of Stalingrad, despite repeated requests from his parents for Speer to repatriate him. [123], In 1949, Wolters opened a bank account for Speer and began fundraising among those architects and industrialists who had benefited from Speer's activities during the war. Land had been purchased by the end of 1934 and starting in March 1936 the first buildings were demolished to create space at Vostrae. William. However, his other brother Ernst had died in the Battle of Stalingrad, despite repeated requests from his parents for Speer to repatriate him. In 1918, moved to Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg, Heidelberg, Germany. [8] In 1924, when the crisis had abated, he transferred to the "much more reputable" Technical University of Munich. In the letter, Speer says, "There is no doubtI was present as Himmler announced on October 6, 1943, that all Jews would be killed. [146] Adam Tooze in his book The Wages of Destruction said Speer had manoeuvred himself through the ranks of the regime skillfully and ruthlessly and that the idea he was a technocrat blindly carrying out orders was "absurd". Speer's desperate mother called Speer . [107] Speer visited the Fhrerbunker on 22 April for the last time. The house had a studio were Hitler (see Hitler parents) often came to draw his . [105] Speer ended them, though the army continued to blow up bridges. Brother of Hermann Speer and Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer. These factories were death-traps; discipline was brutal, with regular executions. [153] He was well-educated, middle class, and bourgeois, and could contrast himself with those who, in the popular mind, typified "bad Nazis". [61] By April 1942, Speer had persuaded Gring to create a three-member Central Planning Board within the Four Year Plan, which he used to obtain supreme authority over procurement and allocation of raw materials and scheduling of production in order to consolidate German war production in a single agency. Sauckel had whole villages in France, Holland and Belgium forcibly rounded up and shipped to Speer's factories. I knew that these must be Berlin Jews who were being evacuated. In response, Hitler appointed Fritz Sauckel as a "manpower dictator" to obtain new workers. [127], Much of Speer's energy was dedicated to keeping fit, both physically and mentally, during his long confinement. [49] Martin Kitchen described Speer's often repeated line that he knew nothing of the "dreadful things" as hollowbecause not only was he fully aware of the fate of the Jews he was actively participating in their persecution. [84] Production of German fighter aircraft more than doubled between 1943 and 1944. von Speer, Albert: und eine groe Auswahl hnlicher Bcher, Kunst und Sammlerstcke erhltlich auf AbeBooks.de. Founded in 1999. He coveted control of the production of armaments for the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine as well. [174], Speer did not deny being present at the Posen speeches to Nazi leaders at a conference in Posen (Pozna) on 6 October 1943, but claimed to have left the auditorium before Himmler said during his speech: "The grave decision had to be taken to cause this people to vanish from the earth",[175] and later, "The Jews must be exterminated". By Dorothy . [26] Brechtken added that, throughout Speer's life, his central motives were to gain power, rule, and acquire wealth. Em 1946, ele foi julgado em Nuremberga e sentenciado a 20 anos de priso por sua participao no regime nazista, principalmente pelo uso de trabalho escravo nos campos de concentrao. At the end of July 1942, a lack of fuel brought Paulus to a halt at Kalach. First Architect of the Third Reich. Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (German: [pe] ( listen); March 19, 1905 - September 1, 1981) was a German architect who was, for a part of World War II, Minister of Armaments and War Production for the Third Reich. - London, 1. rujna 1981.) [109] Speer was disappointed that Hitler had not selected him as his successor. [9] In 1925, he transferred again, this time to the Technical University of Berlin where he studied under Heinrich Tessenow, whom Speer greatly admired. The manuscript led to two books: first Erinnerungen ("Recollections") (Propylen/Ullstein, 1969), which was translated into English and published by Macmillan in 1970 as Inside the Third Reich; then as Spandauer Tagebcher ("Spandau Diaries") (Propylen/Ullstein, 1975), which was translated into English and published by Macmillan in 1976 as Spandau: The Secret Diaries. "[48] Matthias Schmidt said Speer had personally inspected concentration camps and described his comments as an "outright farce". [174] Heinrich Breloer, discussing the construction of Auschwitz, said Speer was not just a cog in the workhe was the "terror itself". The houses still look very much the same. There's a small road going to the right. 4.10 avg rating 13,205 ratings published 1969 86 editions. He was not involved in the plot, and played a minor role in the regime's efforts to regain control over Berlin after Hitler survived. Included in the building works was material to build gas chambers, crematoria and morgues. [16][b] The same year, with stipends shrinking amid the Depression, Speer surrendered his position as Tessenow's assistant and moved to Mannheim, hoping to make a living as an architect. As a Nazi Party member, she had greatly enjoyed dining with Hitler. With Rutger Hauer, John Gielgud, Maria Schell, Blythe Danner. He met Hitler and toured the damaged Chancellery before leaving Berlin to return to Hamburg. The Israeli documentary "Speer Goes to Hollywood," directed by Vanessa Lapa, traces this attempted 1970s reinvention of Albert Speer, who served as Hitler's architect and was sentenced . However Speer secured Hitler's support, and on 1 March 1942, Gring signed a decree naming Speer "General Plenipotentiary for Armament Tasks" in the Four Year Plan. On 31 January 1931, he also joined the Motor Unit of the SA being a member until autumn 1932. [88] The SS provided 64,000 prisoners for 20 separate projects from various concentration camps including Mittelbau-Dora. In 1937, Hitler appointed Speer as General Building Inspector for Berlin. He set about extending his power and influence with unexpected ambition. Like many of those in power in the Third Reich, he was not an ideologue, "nor was he anything more than an instinctive anti-Semite. - Han var ikke sdan en morfar, man sad p skdet af, og . [77] His close relationship with Hitler provided him with political protection, and he was able to outwit and outmaneuver his rivals in the regime. [176] In 2007, The Guardian reported that a letter from Speer dated 23 December 1971, had been found in a collection of his correspondence with Hlne Jeanty, the widow of a Belgian resistance fighter. By Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. [155] Speer was photographed with slave laborers at Mauthausen concentration camp during a visit on 31 March 1943; he also visited Gusen concentration camp. Speer, Albert, born 19-03-1905 in Mannheim, Baden Wrttemberg, as second of three brothers, Hermann born 1902 and Ernst born 1906, of Albert Friedrich Speer and Louise Mathilde Wilhelmine Speer (born Hommel). happened. Po vlce byl bhem Norimberskho procesu odsouzen jako vlen zloinec ke 20 letm vzen. The film began a process of demystification and critical reappraisal. Hosted by askropp and Frech. Speer's Heidelberg school offered rugby football, unusual for Germany, skiing, and Speer was a participant. Neither the organizers nor Rudolf Hess were willing to decide whether to approve the plans, and Hess sent Speer to Hitler's Munich apartment to seek his approval. [183], This article is about the Nazi minister. [43], During the Chancellery project, the pogrom of Kristallnacht took place. After the disasters of the battle of Moscow (Operation Typhoon) and even after Stalingrad Germany manages to greatly increase its military production, even though the allies were launching a major bombing campaign against them. This movie is based on Speer's autobiography of the same name. [38] The outbreak of World War II in 1939 led to the postponement, and later the abandonment, of these plans. [171] Brechtken said Speer only admitted to a generalized responsibility for the Holocaust to hide his direct and actual responsibility. [5] Wolters and longtime Speer secretary Annemarie Kempf, while not permitted direct communication with Speer in Spandau, did what they could to help his family and carry out the requests Speer put in letters to his wifethe only written communication he was officially allowed. In her renowned biography, Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth, she describes her friend Schramm as "maybe the most moral person I have ever met". All of the Germanic peoples will be included in it. sent during this battle. [spouse (s) unknown] [children unknown] Died 1943 at about age 37 in Stalingrad, Russia. Russia in the battle for Stalingrad. [113] Speer was indicted on four counts: participating in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of crime against peace; planning, initiating and waging wars of aggression and other crimes against peace; war crimes; and crimes against humanity. At that time, he asked the Milch at the Luftwaffe to find Ernst and retrieve him. A speech by Albert Speer (there is an account of this speech in Albert Speer, Erinnerungen [Berlin, 1969], p. 325) was followed by speeches of his deputies: Willy Schliecker, the expert on American rearmament; Walther Rohland, the head of Panzer production; Karl Frydag, who was in charge of aircraft building; and Otto Merker, who was . He fabricated the additional details. [151] His daughter, Margret Nissen, wrote in her 2005 memoirs that after his release from Spandau he spent all of his time constructing the "Speer Myth". [25] After the war, he claimed to have had little interest in politics at all and had joined almost by chance. The large capital investment was not repaid in military effectiveness. [122] Speer's parents died while he was incarcerated. August 1, 2017. Three days later, he also proposed to Hitler that Germany's remaining military resources be concentrated along the Rhine and Vistula rivers in an attempt to prolong the fighting. . Ignored his parents' request to use his position to bring home his brother from Stalingrad. [22] Speer quickly became part of Hitler's inner circle; he was expected to call on him in the morning for a walk or chat, to provide consultation on architectural matters, and to discuss Hitler's ideas. [138] He said little, reserving most comments for a major interview published in Der Spiegel in November 1966. Sereny decided to complete the book alone . He was more forthright in an interview with William Hamsher in which he said he joined the party in order to save "Germany from Communism". The public was fascinated by an inside view of the Third Reich and a major war criminal became a popular figure almost overnight. The oldest brother turned into a thorn in his youger brother [154] In his memoirs and interviews, he had distorted the truth and made so many major omissions that his lies became known as "myths". Initially, the funds were used only to support Speer's family, but increasingly the money was used for other purposes. "It is not charity; I don't like that . [177] He produced spectacular statistics, claiming a sixfold increase in munitions production, a fourfold increase in artillery production, and he sent further propaganda to the newsreels of the country. The family learned of this through some letters Ernst sent. From 1946 to 1966, while serving the sentence in Spandau Prison, he penned more than 2,000 manuscript pages of personal memoirs. "[1]:498507, In a 23 August 1970 review published in The New York Times, John Toland wrote that the book "is not only the most significant personal German account to come out of the war but the most revealing document on the Hitler phenomenon yet written. 2. [77], Speer and his hand-picked director of submarine construction Otto Merker believed that the shipbuilding industry was being held back by outdated methods, and revolutionary new approaches imposed by outsiders would dramatically improve output. Among those who pledged support for his sentence to be commuted were Charles de Gaulle and US diplomat George Wildman Ball. The film presents original videos from the Nazi Germany period and conversations with Speer, in which the great deception he tried to present at the Nuremberg trials and in his book is revealed.[6]. Entrance to Spandau Prison, 1951. Before that, Speer worked as the chief architect in Hitler's Nazi . By the time Prisoner Number 5Albert Speerwalked out of Spandau Prison on 1 October 1966, he was known to the world as the "Good Nazi.". He took a role in that short-lived regime as Minister of Industry and Production. I am sure that an oppressive feeling struck me as I drove past. [155] Speer even invented his own birth's circumstances, stating falsely that he was born at midday amid crashes of thunder and bells of the nearby Christ Church, whereas it was between three and five o'clock, and the church was built only some years after. He spent the rest of his life attempting to enhance this image and erase any doubt that he did not participate or know about the Nazi atrocities. Albert was active in sports, taking up skiing and mountaineering. Nazi armaments minister Albert Speer's younger brother Ernst was trapped in the Kessel, lying in a freezing stable without walls, gravely ill with jaundice. Speer's joint undertaking with the SS leadership resulted in the creation of Mittelwerk (Central Works) for underground production of the V-2. His sister's name was Carrie. He was charged with planning for war, planning a war of aggression, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. In his writings, Speer claimed to have finished five thousand books while in prison. the eldest went to visit his brother while in spandau prison and He maintained Hitler was cool towards him for the remainder of his life after learning they had included him on a list of potential ministers. On 23 May, two weeks after the surrender of German forces, British troops arrested the members of the Flensburg Government and brought Nazi Germany to a formal end. [157] In return they were paid handsomely in royalties and other financial inducements. This is followed by an epilogue dealing with the end of the war in Europe and the resulting Nuremberg trials, in which Speer was sentenced to a 20-year prison term for his actions during the war. On 20 July 1942, Speer was enrolled by order of Heinrich Himmler as a SS Man/member of. Albert Speer, the Nazi architect who built a Cathedral of Light for Hitler and commanded millions of prisoners in the forced production of weaponry, had a comfortable second life. Speer was aided in shaping the works by Joachim Fest and Wolf Jobst Siedler from the publishing house Ullstein. From 1939 on, Speer's Department used the Nuremberg Laws to evict Jewish tenants of non-Jewish landlords in Berlin, to make way for non-Jewish tenants displaced by redevelopment or bombing. [99][169], Speer maintained at the Nuremberg trials and in his memoirs that he had no direct knowledge of the Holocaust. Hitler appointed Speer as head of the Chief Office for Construction, which placed him nominally on Hess's staff. all Albert Speer wanted was to feel important. FRANKFURT Albert Speer Jr., an internationally prominent architect who sought throughout his life to distance himself from the dark legacy of his father, a member of Adolf . [83] His political rivals used the opportunity to undermine his authority and damage his reputation with Hitler. albert speers younger brother ernst was killed at Stalingrad Speer was born in Mannheim, Germany on March 19, 1905, to Luise and Albert. Concerned about retaining power, he did not appoint a deputy and continued to direct work of the Armaments Ministry from his bedside. Thanks! Figlio e nipote di architetti, Spee. He added a stone exterior that pleased Hitler. Speer, imenovan tudi prvi arhitekt Tretjega rajha , je bil Hitlerjev glavni arhitekt v nacistini Nemiji, leta 1942 pa je v Hitlerjevem kabinetu postal minister za oboroitev. [91], On 14 April 1944, Speer lost control of Organisation Todt to his Deputy, Franz Xaver Dorsch. [26], The image of the good Nazi was supported by numerous Speer myths. [citation needed], At the Nuremberg Trials, Speer was sentenced to 20 years in prison for his use of prisoners in the armaments factories while Minister of Armaments. Want to Read. Speer joined the National Socialist Party in January 1931; he wrote "I was not choosing the NSDAP, but becoming a follower of Hitler, whose magnetic force had reached out to me the first time I saw him and had not, thereafter, released me." Albert Speer, (born March 19, 1905, Mannheim, Baden, Germanydied September 1, 1981, London, England), German architect who was Adolf Hitler's chief architect (1933-45) and minister for armaments and war production (1942-45). [40] Speer was involved virtually from the beginning. [1]:314320, Speer describes Wunderwaffen such as the Me 262 project, flying wing jet planes, a remote-controlled flying bomb, a rocket plane, a rocket missile based on infrared homing, designs for a four-motored jet bomber with the range to strike New York, and a torpedo based on sonar. [146] So great was the need to believe this "Speer Myth" that Fest and Siedler were able to strengthen iteven in the face of mounting historical evidence to the contrary. It began in 1932 but had not supplied any weaponry. He continued to deny explicit knowledge of, and responsibility for the Holocaust. Speer described the personalities of many Nazi officials, including Joseph Goebbels, Hermann Gring, Heinrich Himmler, Rudolf Hess, Martin Bormann, and, of course, Hitler himself. [10] After passing his exams in 1927, Speer became Tessenow's assistant, a high honor for a man of 22. Speer studied at the technical schools in Karlsruhe, Munich, and Berlin, and acquired an architectural license in 1927. [ children unknown ] Died 1943 at about age 37 in Stalingrad, Russia article is the. Works ) for underground production of the existence of the Wehrmacht and of good. To deny explicit knowledge of, and for the maltreatment of these plans widely to. With planning for war, he also cites the use of the Wehrmacht and of Gutshof. Called Speer Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, AS+P completes the planning of the Third Reich and major! 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