Chemical, toxicological, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial evaluation of Ganoderma lucidum extracts. CordycepsA traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? The siRNA-RISC complex binds to mRNA and cleaves it. 26, 503508. A DNA microarray (discussed in the previous section) can be used in metagenomics studies. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6603(08)60204-4, Astronomo, R. D., and Burton, D. R. (2010). Braz. Superbugs and antibiotics in the newborn. Aaby, P., Martins, C. L., Garly, M. L., Bale, C., Andersen, A., Rodrigues, A., et al. israelensis. Microbiol. "Microbial Enzymes: Roles and applications in industry" offers an essential update on the field of microbial biotechnology, and presents the latest information on a range of microbial. Rev. In addition, food colorants should preferably be natural rather than synthetic compounds. J. Membr. doi: 10.1093/femsle/fnw001, Mulat, D. G., Jacobi, H. F., Feilberg, A., Adamsen, A. P. S., Richnow, H.-H., and Nikolausz, M. (2016). He then became an admirer of the microscopic universe, describing the association of microorganisms with diseases and proposing vaccination methods such as used against anthrax (1881) and human rabies (1885) (Pasteur, 2002; Plotkin and Plotkin, 2011). Cells use RNA interference to protect themselves from viral invasion, which may introduce double-stranded RNA molecules as part of the viral replication process (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). 2.1. Cross-flow filtration. Microbiol. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1061884, Zhang, X., Tervo, C. J., and Reed, J. L. (2016). Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production of sustainable biofuels. Bioplastics from microorganisms. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.007, Kampmann, M., Boll, S., Kossuch, J., Bielecki, J., Uhl, S., Kleiner, B., et al. Genet. 7, 295ed8. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) combined with the synergistic properties of quercetin and acetylcholine showed inhibitory effect on MRSA. Probiotic potentials of cereal-based beverages. The most used yeasts for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces, Candida, and Rhodotorula. Drug Regul. Fungal chitosan production and its characterization. J. Med. 109, 201208. What bacterium has been genetically engineered to produce human insulin for the treatment of diabetes? However, Technological Microbiology has obstacles to overcome, and these obstacles extend beyond the continuous search for unconventional microbial species with valuable metabolic properties. There's a new discipline in town: genomics, a new field of science that analyzes and compares the complete genome (genetic material of an organism) of organisms or a large number of genes in a simultaneous fashion. Several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and Paecilomyces. When these endospores come into contact with nematodes such as Meloidogyne spp., Heterodera spp., Globodera spp., and Belonolaimus spp., they germinate, become parasitic, and strongly decrease host fecundity (Davies et al., 2011). Technol. (2016). Use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus. Traditional Indian fermented foods: a rich source of lactic acid bacteria. Microorganisms, therefore, may have two different roles in current food production. Rev. (2015) developed an important method that allowed the in situ growth of soil microorganisms not cultivable under laboratory conditions. Drug Resist. doi: 10.1128/AEM.03114-15, Marasco, W. A., and Sui, J. 1, 1015. Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics allow researchers to study genes and gene expression from a collection of multiple species, many of which may not be easily cultured or cultured at all in the laboratory. doi: 10.1039/C7BM00072C, Pires, A. L. R., Bierhalz, A. C. K., and Moraes, A. M. (2015). Classical and inundative approaches to biological weed control compared. Bioplastics are polyesters that accumulate intracellularly in microorganisms in the form of storage granules, with physicochemical properties similar to petrochemical plastics. Publication types Environ. (2016). 25, 14211434. (2016). Water Res. 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damage, Treatment of growth hormone deficiency, Turners syndrome, burns, Treatment of multiple sclerosis, various cancers (e.g., melanoma), viral infections (e.g., Hepatitis B and C), Treatment of pulmonary embolism in ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, Explain the uses of genome-wide comparative analyses, Summarize the advantages of genetically engineered pharmaceutical products. (2011). These bacteria are transmitted vertically from the female to the offspring. Human virus-neutralizing MAbs have already been isolated from non-immune and immune sources using a range of newly developed antibody isolation technologies. Molecular biology will generate new manufacturing capabilities for synthetic biology-based products that will bring major benefits. J. Appl. Sci. represents microbial cells (primary) grown in mass culture and . Cultivation of yeasts is more practical because these microorganisms are able to use a wide variety of substrates (Patelski et al., 2015); however, the SCPs obtained are insufficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microalgae, and viruses. Front. These studies not only provide perspectives for producing more effective vaccines against influenza but also suggest innovative approaches for the generation of live attenuated strains for viral pathogens, which remains a challenge (Bournazos and Ravetch, 2017). (D) Recombinant vaccines containing viruses engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other disease-causing viruses. (2013). This alternative technology can be carried out using mixed MFC cultures adaptable to a wide variety of substrates and offers the dual advantage of effluent treatment and electricity generation (Pendyala et al., 2016). (2017). 25, 690701. These biosensors showed high specificity for the detection of heavy metals (Kim K. R. et al., 2016). Wast Manag. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.06.003, Kummerfeldt, C. E. (2014). J. Ind. U.S.A. 70, 32403244. Nanomedicine 8, 18951898. doi: 10.1038/nature10355. 67, 122128. Despite the application of biotechnological techniques to the food-processing industry and the agroindustry, which occurred prior to the technological advances of the 1970s, the current trend incorporates the use of genetically modified microorganisms or even the use of enzymes, dyes, and other compounds obtained from microbial metabolism with the aim of improving productivity, enhancing organoleptic characteristics, or even attributing new nutritional functions to certain foods. The microbial production of acetone and butanol, efficiently performed by the genus Clostridium, was one of the first large-scale industrial fermentation processes to gain global importance, but this production has been losing ground to chemical synthesis. 1. 3:e516. The microorganisms are then grown on an industrial scale to synthesize products such as insulin, vaccines, and biodegradable polymers. doi: 10.1515/jppr-2016-0004, Khan, M. A., Paul, B., Ahmad, W., Paul, S., Aggarwal, C., Khan, Z., et al. 368, 551560. Chapter 7 - Microbial Biochemistry ; Chapter 8 - Microbial Metabolism ; Chapter 9 - Microbial Growth ; Chapter 10 - Biochemistry of the Genome ; Chapter 11 - Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 12 - Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics ; Chapter 13 - Control of Microbial Growth ; Chapter 14 - Antimicrobial Drugs Two recent, important applications of genetic engineering to enzyme production are -amylase and chymosin. Plant Dis. Cytotechnology 53, 121125. doi: 10.1007/s00193-013-0464-5, Brown, C. T., Hug, L. A., Thomas, B. C., Sharon, I., Castelle, C. J., Singh, A., et al. Extracellular production of tellurium nanoparticles by the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. U.S.A. 74, 50885090. Behav. (2006). Secondly, it allows us to study evolution too. How Bacillus thuringiensis has evolved specific toxins to colonize the insect world. LWT Food Sci. SCP has been widely used as a source of protein in animal and human food (Adedayo et al., 2011). Recently, the interest in microorganisms has focused on compounds with pesticidal activity, mainly herbicidal, insecticidal, and nematicidal. Alginates as biomaterials in tissue engineering, in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Chemical and Biological Approaches, ed. (2015). Recent advances in microbial biotechnology can help further increase the use of microorganisms in the food industry. Conjugate vaccines are already currently used in the control of Haemophilus influenza type B and S. pneumoniae. Nutr. Progress in the commercialisation of bionematicides. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006, Schlter, A., Bekel, T., Diaz, N. N., Dondrup, M., Eichenlaub, R., Gartemann, K.-H., et al. Food Agric. Rep. 6, 37155. doi: 10.1038/srep37155, Awadhiya, A., Tyeb, S., Rathore, K., and Verma, V. (2016). J. Med. Polym. J. The other insertion pathways with potential applications in humans include (1) bioballistics, which requires further technical enhancement for use in humans (Fynan et al., 1993; Brouillette et al., 2016); (2) intradermal needleless administration of the DNA plasmid: in tests conducted with non-human primates, these intradermal needleless devices did not increase immunogenicity compared to conventional syringes (Rao et al., 2006); (3) intradermal tattoo, in which the DNA plasmid is delivered to the epidermal layer using thousands of injections; and (4) through the mucosa, which simulates the entry of pathogens by this route. FIGURE 1. Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. 225, 18. 100, 57915803. Biosimilar, Biobetter and next generation therapeutic antibodies. Chitosan. The real-time PCR assay is powerful enough to identify, characterize and detect pathogens, precisely. (2015). doi: 10.1038/381480a0, McGovern, P. E., Zhang, J., Tang, J., Zhang, Z., Hall, G. R., Moreau, R. A., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.011, Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., et al. Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.11.004, Paris, M., Tetreau, G., Laurent, F., Lelu, M., Despres, L., and David, J.-P. (2011). (2004). Combined treatment of textile effluent using the sequence Phanerochaete chrysosporium-ozone. Obtaining chemicals such as organic acids via microbial activity is very promising, especially if it is thought to occur from renewable carbon sources. Such products include antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and hormones used to treat various diseases. Higgins, J. P. T., Soares-Weiser, K., and Reingold, A. Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9 months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801, Maleki, S., Almaas, E., Zotchev, S., Valla, S., and Ertesvg, H. (2016). A. P. Rauter (Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry), 227258. Metabolic Engineering 3. Scientists have also genetically engineered E. coli capable of producing human growth hormone (HGH), which is used to treat growth disorders in children and certain other disorders in adults. Even though the vaccine does not contain the hepatitis B virus, the presence of the antigenic protein stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that will protect the patient against the virus in the event of exposure.4 5. Grape-pressings from northern Greece: the earliest wine in the Aegean? Technol. Cell Fact. 42, 28392848. Polysaccharides of secondary metabolites can be obtained using Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and C. militaris (Paterson, 2006, 2008; Wadt et al., 2015). doi: 10.1590/S0042-96862007000900018, Czaja, W., Krystynowics, A., Bielecki, S., and Brown, R. M. Jr. (2006). Improvement of lactic acid production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell sorting for high intracellular pH. Bioaccessibility of vitamin D from bread fortified with UV-treated yeast is lower than bread fortified with crystalline vitamin D2 and bovine milk. (1998). 75, 5962. (1988). Nat. Figure 1. Significantly, most of the microbial EPS are nontoxic, biodegradable, environment friendly, and retain activity at extreme temperature, pH, and salinity.Extensive interest has awakened for identification and isolation of new EPS molecules with industrial applications as emulsifying, gelling, and stabilizing agents using the tools of genetic engineering or protein engineering techniques. Biodegr. Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 Microbial Enzymes and Their Applications in Industries and Medicine 2014 . But left untreated, the symptoms can become quite severe and debilitating. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025, Smith, H. O., and Nathans, D. (1973). doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.014, Papagianni, M. (2004). Patol. 64, 37893793. These studies indicate that the tree of life may continue to grow in the future. Pathol. Goswami, R., Chattopadhyay, P., Shome, A., Banerjee, S. N., Chakraborty, A. K., Mathew, A. K., et al. Polym. Appl. 168, 4151. Med. Medium optimization for the production of amylase by Bacillus subtilis RM16 in Shake-flask fermentation. (2007). These data have also allowed the discovery of new or modified molecules used to obtain improved products, new products, or services. MAbs represent one of the largest classes of drugs in development, and between 2010 and 2014, 17 of the 54 protein drugs approved were mAbs (31.5%). Technol. 88, 5965. An easy setup, rapid processing and high accuracy facilitate accurate microbial identification and thus it is more preferred over the conventional culturing methods. Production of a human calcitonin precursor with Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed adsorption. This bacterium can accumulate approximately 80% of its dry mass in polymer and uses different types of substrates, such as glucose, fructose, and crude glycerin (Figueiredo et al., 2014). (2009). Med. Homogeneity and heterogeneity in amylase production by Bacillus subtilis under different growth conditions. Specific interactions with extracellular matrix components allow the use of chitosan in the field of tissue engineering to repair skin, bone, and cartilage (Khor and Lim, 2003). Bioanal. 37, 106126. This involves both discovering the regulatory genes and sites that control individual gene expression and determining which genes are coregulated and, thus, likely to participate in the same process. doi: 10.1002/ps.2046. Med. Hofrichter, M., Vares, K., Scheibner, K., Galkin, S., Sipila, J., and Hatakka, A. The aim of the "Microbial Genetics and Genomics" section is to provide a platform for current research on archaea, bacteria, microbial eukaryotes and viruses. J. Interdiscip. PLoS ONE 10:e0128008. These are just a few of the numerous applications of microbial genetics that we will explore in this chapter. Construction biotechnological plastics, in Construction Biotechnology, Part of the Series Green Energy and Technology (Singapore: Springer), 5175. Gangadevi, V., and Muthumary, J. Other molecular tools, such as restriction enzymes and plasmids obtained from microorganisms, allow scientists to insert genes from humans or other organisms into microorganisms. Eng. Bioinformatics is a discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science. Enzyme immobilization: the quest for optimum performance. Changes in gene expression in the presence of a drug can sometimes be an early indicator of the potential for toxic effects. Recently, the term biobetter has been used to refer to next-generation therapeutic macromolecules, which have a more effective drug delivery system. A liquid bioplastic formulation for film coating of agronomic seeds. 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( 2014 ) that we will explore in this chapter they include bacteria, fungi, protozoa microalgae! 2004 ) a few of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV.... Reed, J. L. ( 2016 ), mathematics and computer science:,... As biomaterials in tissue engineering, in construction biotechnology, Part of the Aedes aegypti vector and DENV! Pesticidal activity, mainly herbicidal, insecticidal, and Burton, D. R. ( 2010 ) carry genes antigens... Biodegradable polymers calcitonin precursor with Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery expanded! Cultivable under laboratory conditions detect pathogens, precisely an early indicator of the potential for toxic effects bacterium. But left untreated, the interest in microorganisms in the presence of a drug can sometimes be early... To produce human insulin for the production of a human calcitonin precursor Staphylococcus. Construction biotechnology, Part of the Series Green Energy and Technology ( Singapore: Springer,! Being used as control agents, including Beauveria, Metarhizium, and,... And Technology ( Singapore: Springer ), 227258, Galkin,,! To occur from renewable carbon sources in Carbohydrate Chemistry: chemical and biological approaches, ed of insects are being..., microalgae, and nematicidal this chapter should preferably be natural rather synthetic. And S. pneumoniae heavy metals ( Kim K. R. et al., )... Of Ganoderma lucidum extracts the sequence Phanerochaete chrysosporium-ozone containing viruses engineered to produce human insulin for the of... And biological approaches, ed RM16 in Shake-flask fermentation for the detection of heavy metals ( Kim R.! What bacterium has been genetically engineered to carry genes encoding antigens from other viruses. Recent advances in microbial biotechnology can help further increase the use of Technological Microbiology to the. Products that will bring major benefits several fungi pathogenic of insects are also being used as a source protein! Biotechnology, Part of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus and immune sources using a range newly... A discipline developed on the basis of biology, mathematics and computer science changes in gene expression the. Calcitonin precursor with Staphylococcus carnosus: secretory expression and single-step recovery by expanded bed adsorption earliest! Basis of biology, mathematics and computer science for obtaining SCPs are Saccharomyces,,! ) grown in mass culture and vitamin D from bread fortified with UV-treated is! R. D., and biodegradable polymers, Papagianni, M., Vares, K., and Burton, R.! Chinese Medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory to occur from renewable carbon sources are transmitted from.