This weevil mainly reproduces on certain thistles belonging to the Carduus-Silybumcirsium complex. Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Hand pulling, cultivation, and grazing are all effective control measures. Carduus pycnocephalus, a member of the Thistle tribe of the Composite family, is an erect winter annual herb 3-18 dm tall. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an . Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Marengo A, Maciel LS, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Herodes K. Plants (Basel). It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. S. Calif. 11086. Chem Biodivers. It is foliar absorbed and trans- located, making it effective in destroying the roots. Italian thistlegrows in dry, open area such as pastures, rangeland, right-of-ways, and waste areas. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL. C. pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading on rangelands previously dominated by alien annual grasses (Evans et al. It is native to: the Mediterranean region in southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia; East Europe and the Caucasus; and the Indian Subcontinent. Carduus pycnocephalus Taxonavigation Taxonavigation: Asterales Familia: Asteraceae Subfamilia: Carduoideae Tribus: Cardueae Subtribus: Carduinae Genus: Carduus Species: Carduus pycnocephalus Subspecies: C. p . Bot. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals, including the Consortium of California Herbaria. Carduus nutans L. Photo by California Department of Food and Agriculture Each plant profile in the database contains nomenclature info, botanical data, plant description, large, high-resolution pictures, images and photos of the plants and its parts, detailed information such as uses, history . Drought favors a rapid increase in the thistle population. Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. Biological control techniques for Carduus species have been extensively studied. In field situations, the added hardship of intra- and interspecific competition may cause a greater effect on thistle populations. albidus - C. p . The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. General information about Carduus pycnocephalus (CRUPY) Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. Although other thistle species present greater problems on these preserves, C. pycnocephalus control has been included as an adjunct to other control efforts. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Carduus species can be distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs. Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. For questions about the quarantine list, contact the Washington State Department of Agriculture's Plant Services Program at (360) 902-1874 or email PlantServices@agr.wa.gov. Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. Weed class: A Carduus tenuiflorus Carduus acanthoide Carduus pycnocephalus Carduus nutans 1 of 4 2013 2016;30(8):920-5. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1079189. It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). The search for its natural enemies has included Italy, Greece, Iran, and Pakistan, as well as southern California (Baloch et al. Phyllary (flower head scale) margins are not scarious, unlike its close relative, C. tenuiflorus. government site. Communities: weed, characteristic of disturbed places, Search efloras.org (Flora of North America). Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. 1979). Carduus pycnocephalus can be distinguished from other thistle species by its relatively small and few terminal flowerheads and narrow phyllaries with copious tiny, firm, forward-pointing hairs, especially on the midrib (Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Statistical analyses, on both chemical and biomolecular results, revealed that individuals clustered according to their taxonomic classification. Larvae of Rhinocyllus conicus feed within the flowerheads of C. pycnocephalus, mining the receptacle and destroying the developing achenes (Goeden 1974, 1978). They are left ungrazed until the pasture has reached a height of 10-15 cm (about 6 to 10 weeks). Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). of Agriculture and caused significant damage to the reproductive structures of the Italian thistle have not been utilized, due to concerns about possible predation of California's native thistle species. Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). subsp. It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. Contact: Larry Serpa, Area Manager. Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, Species of concern in the Puget Sound watershed, Marine invertebrates of Puget Sound and adjacent waters, Terrestrial vertebrates of the Puget Sound watershed, USGS: Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in Puget Sound, Washington Natural Heritage Programspecies lists. Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. pycnocephalus Name Introduction. Medicinal properties Medicinal parts Has medicinal uses no Do not self-administer no Do no use if pregnant no Legally restricted no Toxicity precautions Medicinal notes . Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. Flickr photos above were identified by the individual photographers but not reviewed by EoPS. intermedius - C. p . The herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties. [2][6] It is a C-listed weed by the California Department of Agriculture and a Moderate Invasive Plant rating by the California Invasive Plant Council. Sixteen edible plants from Southern Italy were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative properties, using the sulforodamine B (SRB) assay, on four human cancer cell lines: breast cancer MCF-7, prostate cancer LNCaP, amelanotic melanoma C32 and renal adenocarcinoma ACHN. 1979). Gard.,107(2):1154-1565,2008, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021yx), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CAPY2. A Certified Pest Control Applicator should be hired for large jobs or those requiring nonselective herbicides. %PDF-1.6 % UKSI Carduus tenuiflorus auct., non Curtis synonym auct., non Curtis: UKSI Common Name Source; Plymouth Thistle preferred: UKSI Ysgallen Bengryno Welsh local: UKSI Ysgallen Plymouth Welsh . Common names Italian plumeless thistle in . "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. Chemical control can be achieved with a variety of products including: Clopyralid, glyphosate, Diquat, Picloram, and 2, 4-D ester. Year Listed: 1991 pycnocephalus NATURALIZED Habit: Annual. At a depth of 0.5-2.0 cm germination is highest, but some seeds germinate to a depth of 8 cm (Evans et al. Sign up to receive information about Cal-IPC's upcoming events and project updates. Epub 2006 Nov 2. The seeds start to germinate in the fall with the first effective rain. 2022 Mar;19(3):e202100827. Control of C. pycnocephalus requires active management once it becomes established in an area. Repeated greenhouse inoculations of the rust on growing rosettes signif- icantly reduced the growth of C. pycnocephalus but not the number of florets (Oliveri 1984). Its spiny leaves, stems, and phyllaries prevent animals from grazing on it and nearby forage. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Presentations are linked where available. Carduus pycnocephalus reproduces only by seed. Plants grow up to 20 dm, are often slightly woolly, and narrowly winged along stems and spined. Optimum conditions for rust infection (18 to 20 C, 90 to 100% relative humidity) are likely to occur in autumn, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. Italian Plumeless-thistle - Italian plumeless thistle. 1979). Repeated greenhouse inoculations of the rust on growing rosettes significantly reduced the growth of C. pycnocephalus but not the number of florets (Oliveri 1984). For this method to be successful, the autumn grazing break is necessary so that vigorous growth of other plants is allowed to occur, forcing the thistles to grow tall and tender. 1979). For larger areas where the thistles are dominant, cultivation and cropping is a successful method of control provided a vigorous perennial pasture is established immediately after the cropping phase. 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. Chemicals such as Picloram and 2,4-D may be of some use in controlling the weed, but an integrated management program involving a combination of techniques will prove most effective. Carduus pycnocephalus is present on both the Ring Mountain and Jepson Prairie preserves in California, with Ring Mountain having the most significant infestation. Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." 1979). Thistles will invade basalt soils earlier than granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils (Wheatley and Collett 1981). Flowerheads narrow and in terminal clusters of 1 to 5. The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. A variety of herbicides have been used on C. pycnocephalus, but they give only temporary control (Wheatley and Collett 1981). subsp. Picloram kills half the test animals (LD50) at 8000 mg/kg body weight and is considered to be of "relatively no hazard." Even with freezing temperatures during the daily cold period, germination was optimum if warm-period temperatures were from 5 to 20 C (Evans et al. Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. The ITS region was sequenced in parallel, and a PCR-RFLP method was applied with three selective restriction enzymes. 1978). Please click here to see a county level distribution map of Italian thistle in Washington. It was imported into California in 1969 for the biological control of milk thistle (Silybum marianum Gaertn.) When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. Box 2739 Avalon, CA 90704 (310) 510-1299 jknapp@catalinaconservancy.org Joseph DiTomaso University of California-Davis Western and central Europe, Mediterranean, Macaronesia, Caucasus, Western Asia, Himalayas. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. Two fungi have been evaluated as agents on Italian thistle. (Asteraceae), an endemic species of La Maddalena Archipelago (Sardinia--Italy). 2022 Dec 7;11(24):3955. doi: 10.3390/foods11243955. synonym auct. Leaves are pinnately lobed into spiny-lobed segments, with the terminal spine being most prominent. cardunculus on C32 and . The distance that seeds can be spread by wind is not known, but it is at least several hundred meters. Seeds buried 1.3 cm deep show the highest percentage emergence, whereas 20 to 25% of seeds buried 5 to 10 cm deep remain dormant. 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. . The multiple stems are winged with spines. Identification and characterization of major flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids in three Compositae plants by LC/DAD-APCI/MS. Biological control agents, particularly the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus and the rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali, show considerable promise in controlling C. pycnocephalus. University of California Press, Berkeley. Grubbing hoes must cut the plants 2 to 4 inches below ground level to prevent resprouting from dormant axillary buds. 2,4-D ester should be applied when the thistles have a central stock height of no greater than 0.25 m (Wheatley and Collett 1981). 1979). Gayana, Bot. In high fertility situations, using a roller to compact the soil is recommended during seedbed preparation (but not during seed sowing). 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. Flower heads typically occur in clusters of 2-5. Carduus pycnocephalus L, which is related to the Astraceae family, was well-known as a privileged medicinal plant that has innumerable respected biological potency. 1982). Former preserve manager Greg Wolley (1986) has used both hand pulling and cutting to destroy the plants at Ring Mountain Preserve, CA. Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced into Canada in 1968 for the biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) and plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) (Harris and Zwolfer 1971). The seeds germinate at a wide variety of constant and alternating temperatures. The labels also give more precise information on mixing and safety precautions. Vyuvejte je pro komunikaci s Vaimi klienty a vlastn prezentaci. 2,4-D is available in ester, amine, emulsifiable acid, and low volatile ester formulations. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. The length of time the seeds can survive in the soil is not known but appears to be at least 8 years (Parsons 1973). 1971, Baloch and Kahn 1973, Goeden 1974). [7] It favors grasslands, woodlands, and chaparral vegetation types, but is especially prevalent in oak woodlands in and around the Central Valley. 1982). Optimum conditions for rust infection (18 to 20 C, 90 to 100% relative humidity) are likely to occur in autumn, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. 1986. subsp. macrocephalus (Desf.) Species Impact: Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). hC:2r)#OH93 0@cxC1!8,j`Ma# 2pXC3,F7h@6KA #;KqAS$ alA0@7-: 1*KP;Kj/Q2cH#65SLK1IH8-:DL`@U`AWVeV Carduus species (Compositae) are widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, and traditionally used for both food and medicinal purposes. The areas are then heavily grazed with sheep at more than twice the normal stocking rate. Life cycle . Introduced in Sri Lanka, Ethiopia, USA, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand, PP1 - Efficacy Evaluation of Plant Protection Products, PP3 - Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products, PM4 - Production of Healthy Plants for Planting, PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures, PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems, Regional Plant Protection Organizations / EU / EAEU, Carduus pycnocephalus ( SEED DISPERSAL C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Would you like email updates of new search results? High pH (6.5) also favors growth (Bendall 1975). Ornano L, Venditti A, Donno Y, Sanna C, Ballero M, Bianco A. Nat Prod Res. Sheep selectively graze the tender thistles and will kill 90-95% of the weeds. By~nFVxe+@Gb.!|`.P>{mD[W..|J0#d]&s,G&+XL}[RSY'rQ+hpsq:+Xlm"5 Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). Spraying oil on thistle will be effective only if entire plants are coated. It is most abundant in coastal areas and occurs as a weed of pastures, ranges, roadsides, rural areas, fallow cropland, railroad rights-of-way, field margins, and ditchbanks (Goeden and Ricker 1978). GERMINATION AND GROWTH Seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is very high, ranging between 83-96%. [3], Flower heads are 2-5 per cluster, densely matted with cobwebby hairs at the base of the phyllaries and spiny towards the tips. Vyhledejte jednodue svj distel obrzek mezi miliony krsnch fotografi, snmk a vektor ve vysok kvalit. This is the profile for the plant - Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920. [2] Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. The plant grows in a rosettes of 10-14 inches (25-36 cm) in diameter, with four to ten lobed basal leaves that are 4-6 inches (10-15 cm) long. 1981). C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. This has proven most effective during the spring and early summer. Genus: Carduus View Description Dichotomous Key Carduus pycnocephalus L. subsp. Genus Carduus which belongs to the family Astraceae includes approximately 100 species worldwide ( Chaudhary, 2000) and is widely distributed around the Mediterranean. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. According to Goeden (1974), C. pycnocephalus serves as an alternative food-plant or breeding host to a diversity of phytophagous insects, most of which are euryphagous, ectophagous, sap- or foliage-feeding species. 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Applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per.! And growth seed germination rate in Carduus pycnocephalus is favored more by the of. Roller to compact the soil is recommended during seedbed preparation ( but not during seed sowing ) the. Growth ( Bendall 1975 ) normal stocking rate Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, 94920! Parallel, and granite soils, and granite soils before sedimentary soils ( Wheatley Collett.